CWE-193
Weakness AllowedOff-by-one Error
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
A product calculates or uses an incorrect maximum or minimum value that is 1 more, or 1 less, than the correct value.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Relationship
This is not always a buffer overflow. For example, an off-by-one error could be a factor in a partial comparison, a read from the wrong memory location, an incorrect conditional, etc.
Content history
Reported compilation error with demonstrative example.
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Relationships, Observed_Example, Relationship_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Common_Consequences
updated Common_Consequences
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Common_Consequences, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships
updated References
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Applicable_Platforms, References, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Research_Gaps
updated Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples
updated References
updated Weakness_Ordinalities
329 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-125257 (GCVE-0-2026-125257)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 19:12 – Updated: 2026-11-09 19:12- CWE-193 - Off-by-one Error
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://code.ffmpeg.org/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/pulls/24471 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/commit/733bec3e1… | patch |
| https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/n9.0.2/liba… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/ffmpeg-throu… | third-party-advisory |
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"product": "FFmpeg",
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"vendor": "FFmpeg",
"versions": [
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"datePublic": "2026-09-13T00:00:00.000Z",
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"value": "FFmpeg through 9.0.2 contains an off-by-one heap overflow vulnerability in get_exponent_dynamic() in libavcodec/nellymoserenc.c that allows writing one element past the opt and path allocations. Attackers can supply crafted audio to applications encoding Nellymoser with trellis enabled, causing idx to equal OPT_SIZE and overwrite adjacent heap memory."
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CVE-2026-123370 (GCVE-0-2026-123370)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 17:34 – Updated: 2026-11-09 17:34- CWE-193 - Off-by-one Error
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/tmatens/compose-lint/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/tmatens/compose-lint/pull/547 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tmatens/compose-lint/pull/549 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tmatens/compose-lint/commit/c9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tmatens/compose-lint/commit/cb… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tmatens/compose-lint/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tmatens | compose-lint |
Affected:
>= 0.9.0, < 0.18.0
|
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CVE-2026-120061 (GCVE-0-2026-120061)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-02 19:09 – Updated: 2026-11-02 19:35| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/postgresql-interfaces/psqlodbc… | vendor-advisory |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PostgreSQL | psqlODBC |
Affected:
0 , < 18.00.0006
(custom)
|
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"lang": "en",
"value": "The psqlODBC parser for ODBC escape sequences in application SQL text writes the argument offsets of a {fn} escape into a fixed 16-entry stack array without a bound and does not initialize the array. An escape with too many arguments overflows the stack, and a reference to an unsupplied argument copies arbitrary bytes into the query. The copy of a {d}, {t}, {ts}, or {escape} body also writes one byte past a 128-byte stack buffer. An application that forwards untrusted SQL text to the driver exposes its process to memory corruption. Versions before psqlODBC 18.00.0006 are affected."
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CVE-2026-116781 (GCVE-0-2026-116781)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 19:28 – Updated: 2026-11-09 22:42| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| signalwire | freeswitch |
Affected:
< 1.11.2
|
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CVE-2026-116735 (GCVE-0-2026-116735)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 21:52 – Updated: 2026-11-05 15:45- CWE-193 - Off-by-one Error
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/libyal/libpff/issues/172 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/libyal/libpff | product |
| https://github.com/libyal/libpff/commit/cb83eb38f… | patch |
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CVE-2026-116574 (GCVE-0-2026-116574)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 19:00 – Updated: 2026-11-09 22:39| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/2… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| signalwire | freeswitch |
Affected:
< 1.11.2
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CVE-2026-115916 (GCVE-0-2026-115916)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 17:18 – Updated: 2026-11-02 17:50| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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| Vendor | Product | Version | |
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| vllm-project | vllm |
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< 0.32.0
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CVE-2026-114460 (GCVE-0-2026-114460)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 06:37 – Updated: 2026-10-30 18:34- CWE-193 - Off-by-one Error
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-114460 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2558401 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pbuchbinder | mod_qos |
Affected:
11.74
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Affected: 11.76 (custom) Affected: 11.79 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-111273 (GCVE-0-2026-111273)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 21:43 – Updated: 2026-10-16 19:39- CWE-193 - Off-by-one Error
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
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CVE-2026-110604 (GCVE-0-2026-110604)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 14:16 – Updated: 2026-10-14 16:19- CWE-193 - Off-by-one Error
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackmd.io/@haind-pwn/mxml-strtod-locale-s… | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/michaelrsweet/mxml/blob/v4.0.6… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/michaelrsweet/mxml/commit/367c… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/mini-xml-4.0… | third-party-advisory |
| https://hackmd.io/@haind-pwn/cve-2026-110604-mxml… | exploit |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Michael R Sweet | Mini-XML |
Affected:
4.0.0 , ≤ 4.0.6
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:mini-xml_project:mini-xml:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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Mitigation
When copying character arrays or using character manipulation methods, the correct size parameter must be used to account for the null terminator that needs to be added at the end of the array. Some examples of functions susceptible to this weakness in C include strcpy(), strncpy(), strcat(), strncat(), printf(), sprintf(), scanf() and sscanf().
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.