Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-129
Weakness AllowedImproper Validation of Array Index
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft
The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Variant level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report array index errors that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
This is not a perfect solution, since 100% accuracy and coverage are not feasible.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Black Box
Black box methods might not get the needed code coverage within limited time constraints, and a dynamic test might not produce any noticeable side effects even if it is successful.
Notes
Relationship
This weakness can precede uncontrolled memory allocation (CWE-789) in languages that automatically expand an array when an index is used that is larger than the size of the array, such as JavaScript.
Theoretical
An improperly validated array index might lead directly to the always-incorrect behavior of "access of array using out-of-bounds index."
Content history
Submission: CLASP
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Modification: Sean Eidemiller
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
added/updated demonstrative examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-11-24
· CWE 1.1
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-01-12
· CWE 1.2
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-10-29
· CWE 1.6
updated Description, Name, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-12-28
· CWE 1.7
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Observed_Examples, Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations, Theoretical_Notes, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Potential_Mitigations, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-04-05
· CWE 1.8.1
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Common_Consequences, Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-09-27
· CWE 1.10
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationship_Notes, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-12-13
· CWE 1.11
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-29
· CWE 1.12
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-27
· CWE 2.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-09-13
· CWE 2.1
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-10-30
· CWE 2.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-02-18
· CWE 2.6
updated Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2015-12-07
· CWE 2.9
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Causal_Nature, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2018-03-27
· CWE 3.1
updated References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-09-19
· CWE 3.4
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships, Type
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-09-09
· CWE 4.18
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Functional_Areas
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
920 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-124310 (GCVE-0-2026-124310)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 14:17 – Updated: 2026-11-07 14:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Fraunhofer HHI VVdeC before 3.2.1 Out-of-Bounds Read via Slice::getRefPic
Summary
Fraunhofer HHI VVdeC before 3.2.1 contains an out-of-bounds read vulnerability that allows attackers to crash the decoder by supplying bitstreams with overlapping slice CTU coverage. Attackers can code a CTU in a second slice so a bi-predicted BDOF coding unit carries a negative reference index, causing Slice::getRefPic to read outside m_apcRefPicList and crash decoding.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-129 - Improper Validation of Array Index
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/fraunhoferhhi/vvdec/issues/402 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/fraunhoferhhi/vvdec/commit/6e4… | patch |
| https://github.com/fraunhoferhhi/vvdec/commit/32b… | patch |
| https://github.com/fraunhoferhhi/vvdec/blob/v3.2.… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/fraunhoferhhi/vvdec/blob/v3.2.… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/fraunhoferhhi/vvdec | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/fraunhofer-h… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| fraunhoferhhi | vvdec |
Affected:
0 , < 3.2.1
(semver)
Unaffected: 3.2.1 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-09-14 00:00
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CVE-2026-123200 (GCVE-0-2026-123200)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 18:16 – Updated: 2026-11-05 18:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
VRPN through 07.36 Out-of-bounds Write via SENDER_DESCRIPTION/TYPE_DESCRIPTION length index
Summary
VRPN through 07.36 contains an out-of-bounds stack write vulnerability in vrpn_Endpoint::handle_sender_message() and handle_type_message() that allows unauthenticated remote peers to write outside a stack buffer via an unchecked length index. Attackers can connect, complete the version-cookie exchange, and send a SENDER_DESCRIPTION or TYPE_DESCRIPTION message with an out-of-range or negative index to crash the process.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-129 - Improper Validation of Array Index
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vrpn/vrpn/commit/0da5b0b71e06e… | patch |
| https://github.com/vrpn/vrpn/commit/c893b583d928f… | patch |
| https://github.com/vrpn/vrpn/blob/79deb000cc0b47a… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/vrpn/vrpn/blob/79deb000cc0b47a… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/vrpn-through… | third-party-advisory |
Date Public
2026-10-22 00:00
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CVE-2026-121968 (GCVE-0-2026-121968)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 20:36 – Updated: 2026-11-05 19:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Netrek-client-cow through 3.3.3 Out-of-Bounds Read via SP_S_MESSAGE Packets
Summary
Netrek-client-cow through 3.3.3 contains an out-of-bounds read vulnerability in short.c handleSMessage() that allows malicious servers to crash clients via an unchecked m_recpt index. Attackers controlling a Netrek server or intercepting the plaintext TCP connection can send SP_S_MESSAGE packets with m_recpt of 36 or more, reading past players[] and shipnos to deny service.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 19:25 UTC
CWE
- CWE-129 - Improper Validation of Array Index
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/quozl/netrek-client-cow/commit… | patch |
| https://github.com/quozl/netrek-client-cow | product |
| https://github.com/quozl/netrek-client-cow/blob/3… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/netrek-clien… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| quozl | netrek-client-cow |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.3.3
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-11-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-120064 (GCVE-0-2026-120064)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-02 19:09 – Updated: 2026-11-02 19:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
psqlODBC does not validate column numbers and row indexes in binding and descriptor functions
Summary
Several psqlODBC entry points use an application-supplied column number or row index as an array index without validating it. SQLBindCol with a column number above 32767 wraps the binding count negative and a later copy runs off the array. A negative SQL_DESC_COUNT on an application row descriptor unbinds columns at negative indexes. SQLColAttribute with a very large column number uses a negative index. SQLSetPos(SQL_ADD) does not check the row number against the rowset size. An application that forwards untrusted column or row numbers exposes its process to out-of-bounds reads and writes. Versions before psqlODBC 18.00.0006 are affected.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 19:36 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/postgresql-interfaces/psqlodbc… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PostgreSQL | psqlODBC |
Affected:
0 , < 18.00.0006
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-11-02 00:00
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CVE-2026-119299 (GCVE-0-2026-119299)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 16:23 – Updated: 2026-10-30 16:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
gopacket: SCTP chunk sub-decoder out-of-bounds panics on crafted segments
Summary
gopacket provides packet processing capabilities for Go. Prior to 1.7.2, the SCTP chunk chain in layers/sctp.go passes attacker-controlled declared lengths and counts to decodeSCTPInit, decodeSCTPShutdown, decodeSCTPError, decodeSCTPSack, and decodeSCTPParameter without checking that each chunk contains the fixed fields, parameter TLVs, gap acknowledgements, or duplicate TSNs those sub-decoders read. A crafted SCTP segment can therefore cause out-of-bounds or inverted slice panics; the panic can terminate applications that use gopacket.DecodeOptions.SkipDecodeRecovery, direct registered decoders, or DecodingLayerParser with IgnorePanic enabled, while the default recovery-enabled APIs convert it to a per-packet decode error. This is the SCTP sub-decoder residual named but not remediated by CVE-2026-65819, whose version 1.7.1 changes bounded the generic dispatcher but left these per-type reads and loops unchecked. The impact is availability only, with no data disclosure, modification, or allocation amplification. This issue is fixed in version 1.7.2.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 16:53 UTC
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gopacket/gopacket/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/gopacket/gopacket/commit/50804… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/gopacket/gopacket/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-119278 (GCVE-0-2026-119278)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 20:50 – Updated: 2026-10-30 16:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MariaDB Connector/J: Rogue server can crash the client during caching_sha2_password authentication
Summary
MariaDB Connector/J is used to connect applications developed in Java to MariaDB and MySQL databases. From 3.0.0 until 3.3.7 and 3.4.5, during caching_sha2_password authentication, the authentication-more-data response was treated as a length-encoded byte array, memory was allocated from the server-declared length, and authResult[0] was accessed without ensuring a byte existed. A malicious or compromised server, or a machine-in-the-middle attacker, could declare a very large length or send an empty response before any password was transmitted. The malformed packet could cause excessive allocation or an unchecked ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException escaping from DriverManager.getConnection(). This issue is fixed in versions 3.3.7 and 3.4.5.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 15:20 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-co… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mariadb-corporation | mariadb-connector-j |
Affected:
>= 3.0.0, < 3.3.7
Affected: >= 3.4.0, < 3.4.5 |
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CVE-2026-119143 (GCVE-0-2026-119143)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 15:58 – Updated: 2026-11-04 01:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Wasmtime 46.0.0 before 48.0.6 and 49.0.0 before 49.0.3 Panic via Zero-Length Stream Writes
Summary
Wasmtime 46.0.0 before 48.0.6 and 49.0.0 before 49.0.3 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows guest code to trigger a host panic through out-of-bounds zero-length stream operations. Malicious guests can perform zero-length component model stream reads or writes with unvalidated addresses, causing Direct{Source,Destination}::remaining to panic and crash WASIp3 embedders.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 01:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-129 - Improper Validation of Array Index
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime/secu… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/wasmtime-46.… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| bytecodealliance | wasmtime |
Affected:
46.0.0 , < 48.0.6
(semver)
Unaffected: 48.0.6 (semver) Affected: 49.0.0 , < 49.0.3 (semver) Unaffected: 49.0.3 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:bytecodealliance:wasmtime:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:bytecodealliance:wasmtime:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-10-14 00:00
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CVE-2026-116816 (GCVE-0-2026-116816)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 00:33 – Updated: 2026-10-31 02:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
llama.cpp b5899 before b10261 Heap Out-of-Bounds Write via plamo2 Tokenizer
Summary
llama.cpp b5899 before b10261 contains a heap out-of-bounds write vulnerability in llm_tokenizer_plamo2::build that allows attackers to corrupt heap memory via crafted GGUF models. Attackers can supply BYTE-typed token text like <0x-1> whose negative parsed value writes token ids before the bytes_ buffer during model loading, causing crashes or potential code execution.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-31 02:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-129 - Improper Validation of Array Index
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/25969 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/26511 | patchissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/commit/cf06… | patch |
| https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/blob/b10259… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases/ta… | release-notes |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/llama-cpp-b5… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-07-21 00:00
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CVE-2026-116783 (GCVE-0-2026-116783)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 19:41 – Updated: 2026-11-05 19:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FreeSWITCH mod_spandsp: out-of-bounds write parsing UDPTL error-recovery data
Summary
FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to 1.11.2, udptl_rx_packet() used a peer-controlled FEC entry count directly to fill five-entry FEC arrays in a mod_spandsp T.38 session. A larger count wrote sender-controlled error-recovery data beyond those arrays and persisted the oversized count for a later reconstruction pass. Any peer able to deliver UDPTL to an established T.38 fax session can reach the parser, including deployments using fax applications or a T.38 gateway. The memory corruption can crash FreeSWITCH and end every active call, although remote code execution has not been demonstrated. This issue is fixed in version 1.11.2.
Severity
8.2 (High)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| signalwire | freeswitch |
Affected:
< 1.11.2
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CVE-2026-116731 (GCVE-0-2026-116731)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 21:52 – Updated: 2026-11-05 16:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Furnace through 0.6.8.3 Out-of-Bounds Write via FamiTracker GROOVES Block Import
Summary
Furnace through 0.6.8.3 contains an out-of-bounds write vulnerability in DivEngine::loadFTM() that allows attackers to corrupt heap memory via an unchecked subsong index in the GROOVES block. Attackers can craft a FamiTracker module with a subsong count of 2 or more to write a groove pattern past the subsong vector, crashing Furnace when opened.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 16:48 UTC
CWE
- CWE-129 - Improper Validation of Array Index
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/tildearrow/furnace/issues/2966 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/tildearrow/furnace | product |
| https://github.com/tildearrow/furnace/commit/c120… | patch |
| https://github.com/tildearrow/furnace/blob/v0.6.8… | technical-description |
| https://hackmd.io/@haindpwn/furnace-ftm-import-no… | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/furnace-thro… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tildearrow | furnace |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.6.8.3
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:tildearrow:furnace:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-10-22 00:00
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"url": "https://hackmd.io/@haindpwn/furnace-ftm-import-notemap-and-groove-subsong-oob"
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{
"name": "VulnCheck Advisory: Furnace through 0.6.8.3 Out-of-Bounds Write via FamiTracker GROOVES Block Import",
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"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/furnace-through-0.6.8.3-out-of-bounds-write-via-famitracker-grooves-block-import"
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"title": "Furnace through 0.6.8.3 Out-of-Bounds Write via FamiTracker GROOVES Block Import",
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"dateReserved": "2026-10-26T20:23:35.128Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-11-05T16:48:53.686Z",
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Mitigation MIT-7
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Input Validation
Use an input validation framework such as Struts or the OWASP ESAPI Validation API. Note that using a framework does not automatically address all input validation problems; be mindful of weaknesses that could arise from misusing the framework itself (CWE-1173).
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
- Even though client-side checks provide minimal benefits with respect to server-side security, they are still useful. First, they can support intrusion detection. If the server receives input that should have been rejected by the client, then it may be an indication of an attack. Second, client-side error-checking can provide helpful feedback to the user about the expectations for valid input. Third, there may be a reduction in server-side processing time for accidental input errors, although this is typically a small savings.
Mitigation MIT-3
Requirements
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, Ada allows the programmer to constrain the values of a variable and languages such as Java and Ruby will allow the programmer to handle exceptions when an out-of-bounds index is accessed.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When accessing a user-controlled array index, use a stringent range of values that are within the target array. Make sure that you do not allow negative values to be used. That is, verify the minimum as well as the maximum of the range of acceptable values.
Mitigation MIT-35
Implementation
Be especially careful to validate all input when invoking code that crosses language boundaries, such as from an interpreted language to native code. This could create an unexpected interaction between the language boundaries. Ensure that you are not violating any of the expectations of the language with which you are interfacing. For example, even though Java may not be susceptible to buffer overflows, providing a large argument in a call to native code might trigger an overflow.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.