Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11367 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-54169 (GCVE-0-2025-54169)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-11 12:17 – Updated: 2026-02-11 15:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
File Station 5
Summary
An out-of-bounds read vulnerability has been reported to affect File Station 5. If a remote attacker gains a user account, they can then exploit the vulnerability to obtain secret data.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version:
File Station 5 5.5.6.5068 and later
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| QNAP Systems Inc. | File Station 5 |
Affected:
5.5.x , < 5.5.6.5068
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-54166 (GCVE-0-2025-54166)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-02 14:57 – Updated: 2026-01-02 19:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
QTS, QuTS hero
Summary
An out-of-bounds read vulnerability has been reported to affect several QNAP operating system versions. If a remote attacker gains an administrator account, they can then exploit the vulnerability to obtain secret data.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following versions:
QTS 5.2.7.3256 build 20250913 and later
QuTS hero h5.2.7.3256 build 20250913 and later
QuTS hero h5.3.1.3250 build 20250912 and later
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| QNAP Systems Inc. | QTS |
Affected:
5.2.x , < 5.2.7.3256 build 20250913
(custom)
|
|
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Affected:
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(custom)
Affected: h5.3.x , < h5.3.1.3250 build 20250912 (custom) |
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CVE-2025-54165 (GCVE-0-2025-54165)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-02 14:56 – Updated: 2026-01-02 19:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
QTS, QuTS hero
Summary
An out-of-bounds read vulnerability has been reported to affect several QNAP operating system versions. If a remote attacker gains an administrator account, they can then exploit the vulnerability to obtain secret data.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following versions:
QTS 5.2.7.3256 build 20250913 and later
QuTS hero h5.2.7.3256 build 20250913 and later
QuTS hero h5.3.1.3250 build 20250912 and later
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| QNAP Systems Inc. | QTS |
Affected:
5.2.x , < 5.2.7.3256 build 20250913
(custom)
|
|
| QNAP Systems Inc. | QuTS hero |
Affected:
h5.2.x , < h5.2.7.3256 build 20250913
(custom)
Affected: h5.3.x , < h5.3.1.3250 build 20250912 (custom) |
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CVE-2025-54164 (GCVE-0-2025-54164)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-02 14:56 – Updated: 2026-01-02 19:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
QTS, QuTS hero
Summary
An out-of-bounds read vulnerability has been reported to affect several QNAP operating system versions. If a remote attacker gains an administrator account, they can then exploit the vulnerability to obtain secret data.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following versions:
QTS 5.2.7.3256 build 20250913 and later
QuTS hero h5.2.7.3256 build 20250913 and later
QuTS hero h5.3.1.3250 build 20250912 and later
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| QNAP Systems Inc. | QTS |
Affected:
5.2.x , < 5.2.7.3256 build 20250913
(custom)
|
|
| QNAP Systems Inc. | QuTS hero |
Affected:
h5.2.x , < h5.2.7.3256 build 20250913
(custom)
Affected: h5.3.x , < h5.3.1.3250 build 20250912 (custom) |
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CVE-2025-54097 (GCVE-0-2025-54097)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 17:00 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
16 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4171
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1849
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-09-09 07:00
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CVE-2025-54096 (GCVE-0-2025-54096)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 17:00 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
16 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4171
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1849
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-09-09 07:00
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CVE-2025-54095 (GCVE-0-2025-54095)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 17:00 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
16 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4171
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1849
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-09-09 07:00
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"product": "Windows Server 2019",
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"product": "Windows Server 2022",
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"product": "Windows Server 2025",
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CVE-2025-54080 (GCVE-0-2025-54080)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-29 14:50 – Updated: 2025-08-29 14:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Exiv2 Segmentation Faults in Exiv2::EpsImage::writeMetadata() via crafted EPS file
Summary
Exiv2 is a C++ library and a command-line utility to read, write, delete and modify Exif, IPTC, XMP and ICC image metadata. An out-of-bounds read was found in Exiv2 versions 0.28.5 and earlier. The out-of-bounds read is triggered when Exiv2 is used to write metadata into a crafted image file. An attacker could potentially exploit the vulnerability to cause a denial of service by crashing Exiv2, if they can trick the victim into running Exiv2 on a crafted image file. Note that this bug is only triggered when writing the metadata, which is a less frequently used Exiv2 operation than reading the metadata. The bug is fixed in version 0.28.6.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/commit/e7373324277… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-54070 (GCVE-0-2025-54070)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-17 18:25 – Updated: 2025-07-17 20:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenZeppelin Contracts's Bytes's lastIndexOf function with position argument performs out-of-bound memory access on empty buffers
Summary
OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library for secure smart contract development. Starting in version 5.2.0 and prior to version 5.4.0, the `lastIndexOf(bytes,byte,uint256)` function of the `Bytes.sol` library may access uninitialized memory when the following two conditions hold: 1) the provided buffer length is empty (i.e. `buffer.length == 0`) and position is not `2**256 - 1` (i.e. `pos != type(uint256).max`). The `pos` argument could be used to access arbitrary data outside of the buffer bounds. This could lead to the operation running out of gas, or returning an invalid index (outside of the empty buffer). Processing this invalid result for accessing the `buffer` would cause a revert under normal conditions. When triggered, the function reads memory at offset `buffer + 0x20 + pos`. If memory at that location (outside the `buffer`) matches the search pattern, the function would return an out of bound index instead of the expected `type(uint256).max`. This creates unexpected behavior where callers receive a valid-looking index pointing outside buffer bounds. Subsequent memory accesses that don't check bounds and use the returned index must carefully review the potential impact depending on their setup. Code relying on this function returning `type(uint256).max` for empty buffers or using the returned index without bounds checking could exhibit undefined behavior. Users should upgrade to version 5.4.0 to receive a patch.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-cont… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-cont… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenZeppelin | openzeppelin-contracts |
Affected:
>= 5.2.0, < 5.4.0
|
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CVE-2025-53859 (GCVE-0-2025-53859)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-13 14:46 – Updated: 2025-11-04 21:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
NGINX ngx_mail_smtp_module vulnerability
Summary
NGINX Open Source and NGINX Plus have a vulnerability in the ngx_mail_smtp_module that might allow an unauthenticated attacker to over-read NGINX SMTP authentication process memory; as a result, the server side may leak arbitrary bytes sent in a request to the authentication server. This issue happens during the NGINX SMTP authentication process and requires the attacker to make preparations against the target system to extract the leaked data. The issue affects NGINX only if (1) it is built with the ngx_mail_smtp_module, (2) the smtp_auth directive is configured with method "none," and (3) the authentication server returns the "Auth-Wait" response header.
Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000152786 | vendor-advisory |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/08/13/5 |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| F5 | NGINX Plus |
Unaffected:
R35
(custom)
Affected: R34 , < R34 P2 (custom) Affected: R33 , < R33 P3 (custom) Affected: R32 , < R32 P3 (custom) Affected: R31 , < * (custom) Affected: R30 , < * (custom) |
|
| F5 | NGINX Open Source |
Affected:
0.7 , < 1.29.1
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-08-13 14:00
Credits
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"value": "NGINX Open Source and NGINX Plus have a vulnerability in the ngx_mail_smtp_module that might allow an unauthenticated attacker to over-read NGINX SMTP authentication process memory; as a result, the server side may leak arbitrary bytes sent in a request to the authentication server. This issue happens during the NGINX SMTP authentication process and requires the attacker to make preparations against the target system to extract the leaked data. The issue affects NGINX only if (1) it is built with the ngx_mail_smtp_module, (2) the smtp_auth directive is configured with method \"none,\" and (3) the authentication server returns the \"Auth-Wait\" response header.\n\n\n\n\nNote: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated."
}
],
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"orgId": "9dacffd4-cb11-413f-8451-fbbfd4ddc0ab",
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"tags": [
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"url": "https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000152786"
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],
"source": {
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
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"title": "NGINX ngx_mail_smtp_module vulnerability",
"x_generator": {
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},
"cveMetadata": {
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"assignerShortName": "f5",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-53859",
"datePublished": "2025-08-13T14:46:55.471Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-07-29T17:12:25.039Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-11-04T21:12:39.856Z",
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Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.