Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-125

Weakness Allowed

Out-of-bounds Read

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

Dimensions

  • Behavior-Type: Read
  • Resource-Type: Memory Buffer
  • Resource-Property: Out-of-bounds
Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-119 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-119 · View CWE-1003
ChildOf: CWE-119 · View CWE-1305
ChildOf: CWE-119 · View CWE-1340
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Detection methods

Fuzzing

Fuzz testing (fuzzing) is a powerful technique for generating large numbers of diverse inputs - either randomly or algorithmically - and dynamically invoking the code with those inputs. Even with random inputs, it is often capable of generating unexpected results such as crashes, memory corruption, or resource consumption. Fuzzing effectively produces repeatable test cases that clearly indicate bugs, which helps developers to diagnose the issues.

Effectiveness: High

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Automated Dynamic Analysis

Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].

Effectiveness: Moderate

Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.

Content history
Submission: PLOVER · 2006-07-19 · CWE Draft 3
Contribution: Abhi Balakrishnan · 2024-02-29 · CWE 4.15

Provided diagram to improve CWE usability

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-09-27 · CWE 1.10

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Demonstrative_Examples, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-06-23 · CWE 2.7

updated Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2015-12-07 · CWE 2.9

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Causal_Nature, Observed_Examples, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2018-03-27 · CWE 3.1

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-01-03 · CWE 3.2

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Description, Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-09-19 · CWE 3.4

updated Common_Consequences, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-08-20 · CWE 4.2

updated Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-12-10 · CWE 4.3

updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-07-20 · CWE 4.5

updated Observed_Examples, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2022-04-28 · CWE 4.7

updated Research_Gaps

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2022-06-28 · CWE 4.8

updated Observed_Examples, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2022-10-13 · CWE 4.9

updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-01-31 · CWE 4.10

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-07-16 · CWE 4.15

updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-11-19 · CWE 4.16

updated Observed_Examples, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-09-09 · CWE 4.18

updated Affected_Resources, Demonstrative_Examples, Functional_Areas

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Dimensions, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

14190 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-126957 (GCVE-0-2026-126957)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 02:23 – Updated: 2026-11-12 02:23
VLAI
Title
ICMPv4 Record Route / Timestamp option: stack OOB read via ptr underflow in icmpv4.c
Summary
An integer underflow in Zephyr's IPv4 option handling allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to read stack memory. When replying to an ICMP Echo Request that carries an IPv4 Record Route or Timestamp option, icmpv4_update_record_route() and icmpv4_update_time_stamp() in subsys/net/ip/icmpv4.c compute the length of the already recorded data as ptr - ptr_offset in uint8_t arithmetic. The attacker-controlled Pointer field is checked against the option length but not against the RFC 791 minimum (4 for Record Route, 5 for Timestamp), so a smaller value wraps the length to up to 252 bytes. net_pkt_write() then reads past the 40-byte opt_data stack buffer and up to 213 bytes of stack memory, which can include stack and heap pointers, are returned in the ICMP Echo Reply. A single packet triggers the leak and the device does not crash, so it can be repeated. Devices built with CONFIG_NET_IPV4_HDR_OPTIONS, which CONFIG_NET_IPV4_IGMP selects, are affected.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
CWE
  • CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
  • CWE-191 - Integer Underflow (Wrap or Wraparound)
  • CWE-200 - Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
Assigner
zephyr CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 77/100 over 227 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
zephyrproject-rtos Zephyr Affected: * , ≤ 4.4.0 (git)
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CVE-2026-126256 (GCVE-0-2026-126256)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-11 21:31 – Updated: 2026-11-12 13:03
VLAI
Summary
A out-of-bounds read vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 8.0.0 through 8.0.1, FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.7, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.12, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.13 may allow a remote privileged attacker to execute arbitrary code or command via crafted paquets.
Severity
7.4 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
CWE
  • CWE-125 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
fortinet CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 145 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Fortinet FortiOS Affected: 8.0.0 , ≤ 8.0.1 (semver)
Affected: 7.6.0 , ≤ 7.6.7 (semver)
Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.12 (semver)
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.13 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:8.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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CVE-2026-125712 (GCVE-0-2026-125712)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 11:22 – Updated: 2026-11-12 05:33
VLAI
Title
Gst-plugins-base: gst-plugins-base: missing bounds checks in rtcp sdes packet parsing
Summary
A flaw was found in GStreamer's gst-plugins-base RTCP SDES packet parser. A remote sender able to reach an active media session can supply a malformed SDES entry whose declared length exceeds the received packet. Missing bounds validation can cause the receiver to read beyond the packet buffer, potentially crashing the application or exposing a limited amount of process memory.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-10 16:33 UTC
CWE
Assigner
redhat CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 1188 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 Unaffected: 0:1.26.7-4.el10_3.2 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.3
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Unaffected: 0:1.16.1-8.el8_10 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Unaffected: 0:1.22.12-10.el9_9.1 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6     cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:6
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7     cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7
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Date Public
2026-06-12 00:00
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CVE-2026-125706 (GCVE-0-2026-125706)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 11:23 – Updated: 2026-11-10 22:18
VLAI
Title
Gst-plugins-bad: gst-plugins-bad: missing bounds checks in mpeg ps pes header parsing
Summary
A flaw was found in GStreamer's gst-plugins-bad MPEG Program Stream demuxer and resindvd DVD-playback plugin. The PES header parsers do not adequately check remaining data before reading timestamps and optional header fields. Opening a specially crafted MPEG Program Stream file can cause an out-of-bounds read and potentially crash the application, resulting in a denial of service.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
CWE
Assigner
redhat CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 1188 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-05-11 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-125405 (GCVE-0-2026-125405)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 23:28 – Updated: 2026-11-09 23:28
VLAI
Title
Ettercap through 0.8.4.1 Out-of-Bounds Read via HTTP NTLM Authentication Parsing
Summary
Ettercap through 0.8.4.1 contains an out-of-bounds read vulnerability in Parse_NTLM_Auth() in src/dissectors/ec_http.c due to unvalidated NTLM message offsets. Attackers can send a crafted HTTP Authorization header observed by Ettercap to read beyond the buffer, disclosing memory or crashing the process.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H
CWE
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7828 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Ettercap ettercap Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.8.4.1 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:ettercap-project:ettercap:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-06 00:00
Credits
Adiel Sol, Arad Inbar, Erez Cohen, Nir Somech, Ben Grinberg, Daniel Lubel, Shir Sadon (DREAM Security Research Team) Emilio Escobar
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-125403 (GCVE-0-2026-125403)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 23:28 – Updated: 2026-11-10 19:05
VLAI
Title
Ettercap through 0.8.4.1 Out-of-Bounds Read via sslw_remove_sts
Summary
Ettercap through 0.8.4.1 contains an out-of-bounds read and size_t underflow vulnerability in sslw_remove_sts() in src/ec_sslwrap.c, caused by a stale length and an unchecked memmem() result when stripping Strict-Transport-Security headers. A malicious HTTPS server whose response passes through Ettercap's SSL interception can trigger out-of-bounds reads and memory corruption in the Ettercap process, which normally runs as root.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-10 18:18 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7828 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Ettercap ettercap Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.8.4.1 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:ettercap-project:ettercap:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-06 00:00
Credits
Adiel Sol, Arad Inbar, Erez Cohen, Nir Somech, Ben Grinberg, Daniel Lubel, Shir Sadon (DREAM Security Research Team) Emilio Escobar
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-125402 (GCVE-0-2026-125402)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 23:28 – Updated: 2026-11-09 23:28
VLAI
Title
Ettercap through 0.8.4.1 Heap Out-of-Bounds Read via TLS SNI Parsing
Summary
Ettercap through 0.8.4.1 contains a heap out-of-bounds read vulnerability in sslw_get_clienthello_sni() in src/ec_sslwrap.c that trusts the unchecked 16-bit SNI length field. Network-adjacent attackers can send crafted TLS ClientHello messages during SSL interception to leak up to 64 KB of heap memory upstream or crash Ettercap.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H
CWE
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7828 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Ettercap ettercap Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.8.4.1 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:ettercap-project:ettercap:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-06 00:00
Credits
Adiel Sol, Arad Inbar, Erez Cohen, Nir Somech, Ben Grinberg, Daniel Lubel, Shir Sadon (DREAM Security Research Team) Emilio Escobar
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-125270 (GCVE-0-2026-125270)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 19:12 – Updated: 2026-11-09 19:12
VLAI
Title
FFmpeg through 9.0.2 Heap Out-of-Bounds Read in V4L2 M2M Encoder
Summary
FFmpeg through 9.0.2 contains a heap out-of-bounds read vulnerability in v4l2_buffer_swframe_to_buf() in libavcodec/v4l2_buffers.c that mishandles frames with negative linesize. Attackers can supply bottom-up AVI or PNM/PFM files that are transcoded to a V4L2 M2M encoder, crashing the application or leaking heap memory into encoded output.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H
CWE
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7828 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
FFmpeg FFmpeg Affected: 0 , ≤ 9.0.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ffmpeg:ffmpeg:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-31 00:00
Credits
Joshua Rogers (AISLE Research) Wenjie Yin
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-125261 (GCVE-0-2026-125261)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 19:12 – Updated: 2026-11-09 19:12
VLAI
Title
FFmpeg through 9.0.2 SGI Encoder Out-of-Bounds Read via sgienc.c
Summary
FFmpeg through 9.0.2 contains an out-of-bounds read vulnerability in the SGI encoder's encode_frame() in libavcodec/sgienc.c, where unsigned size variables mis-handle negative linesize frames. Attackers can supply a video whose display matrix triggers autorotate vflip, so transcoding to SGI images reads pixel data far outside the frame and crashes the process.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H
CWE
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7828 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
FFmpeg FFmpeg Affected: 0 , ≤ 9.0.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ffmpeg:ffmpeg:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-02 00:00
Credits
Joshua Rogers (AISLE Research) Michael Niedermayer
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-125228 (GCVE-0-2026-125228)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 19:11 – Updated: 2026-11-10 15:58
VLAI
Title
FFmpeg before 8.1.3 and 9.x before 9.0.2 Out-of-Bounds Read in Vorbis Encoder
Summary
FFmpeg before 8.1.3 and 9.x before 9.0.2 contains an out-of-bounds read vulnerability in put_vector() in libavcodec/vorbisenc.c when NaN samples leave the codebook entry at -1. Attackers can supply audio with NaN float samples to the native Vorbis encoder, causing heap reads before arrays that crash the application or leak adjacent heap memory into output.
Severity
5.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-10 15:58 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7828 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
FFmpeg FFmpeg Affected: 0 , < 8.1.3 (custom)
Affected: 9.0 , < 9.0.2 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:ffmpeg:ffmpeg:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ffmpeg:ffmpeg:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-06 00:00
Credits
Joshua Rogers (AISLE Research) Michael Niedermayer
Show details on NVD website
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Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.

CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers

An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.

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