Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-95

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before using the input in a dynamic evaluation call (e.g. "eval").

323 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-1470 (GCVE-0-2026-1470)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-27 14:23 – Updated: 2026-01-27 14:36
VLAI
Title
Authenticated users can bypass the Expression sandbox mechanism to achieve full remote code execution on n8n’s main node.
Summary
n8n contains a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in its workflow Expression evaluation system. Expressions supplied by authenticated users during workflow configuration may be evaluated in an execution context that is not sufficiently isolated from the underlying runtime. An authenticated attacker could abuse this behavior to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the n8n process. Successful exploitation may lead to full compromise of the affected instance, including unauthorized access to sensitive data, modification of workflows, and execution of system-level operations.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-27 14:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 1.123.17 (semver)
Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.4.5 (semver)
Affected: 2.5.0 , < 2.5.1 (semver)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-0863 (GCVE-0-2026-0863)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-18 15:37 – Updated: 2026-01-23 17:58
VLAI
Title
Sandbox escape in n8n Python task runner allows for arbitrary code execution on the underlying host.
Summary
Using string formatting and exception handling, an attacker may bypass n8n's python-task-executor sandbox restrictions and run arbitrary unrestricted Python code in the underlying operating system. The vulnerability can be exploited via the Code block by an authenticated user with basic permissions and can lead to a full n8n instance takeover on instances operating under "Internal" execution mode. If the instance is operating under the "External" execution mode (ex. n8n's official Docker image) - arbitrary code execution occurs inside a Sidecar container and not the main node, which significantly reduces the vulnerability impact.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-20 16:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 2.4.0 , < 2.4.2 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 1.123.14 (semver)
Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.3.5 (semver)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-0769 (GCVE-0-2026-0769)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-23 03:28 – Updated: 2026-02-26 14:44
VLAI
Title
Langflow eval_custom_component_code Eval Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Langflow eval_custom_component_code Eval Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Langflow. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the implementation of eval_custom_component_code function. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of a user-supplied string before using it to execute python code. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26972.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-24 04:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Langflow Langflow Affected: 1.3.2
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-01-09 16:37
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-71408 (GCVE-0-2025-71408)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-24 21:07 – Updated: 2026-07-27 17:22 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
NLTK < 3.9.3 Eval Injection via collocations.py Command-Line Arguments
Summary
NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) before version 3.9.3 contains an eval injection vulnerability in the nltk.collocations module that allows an attacker who controls command-line arguments to execute arbitrary Python code. When collocations.py is invoked directly, the __main__ block passes command-line arguments directly to eval() as suffixes of BigramAssocMeasures without allowlist validation or sanitization, enabling an attacker to supply a Python expression that escapes the intended attribute lookup and executes arbitrary code including OS commands via the os module.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 17:22 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ntlk ntlk Affected: 0 , < 3.9.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-11-17 00:00
Credits
Yunus AYDIN
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-71361 (GCVE-0-2025-71361)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 11:53 – Updated: 2026-06-24 16:02
VLAI
Title
picklescan - Remote Code Execution via Undetected idlelib.calltip.Calltip.fetch_tip
Summary
picklescan before 0.0.29 fails to detect malicious idlelib.calltip.Calltip.fetch_tip calls in pickle files, allowing remote code execution. Attackers can embed undetected payloads in pickle files that execute arbitrary code when loaded via pickle.load().
Severity
7.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-24 16:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
picklescan picklescan Affected: 0 , < 0.0.29 (semver)
Unaffected: 0.0.29 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:mmaitre314:picklescan:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-08-26 00:00
Credits
FredericDT
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-68271 (GCVE-0-2025-68271)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 18:32 – Updated: 2026-01-13 20:00
VLAI
Title
Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution in openc3-api
Summary
OpenC3 COSMOS provides the functionality needed to send commands to and receive data from one or more embedded systems. From 5.0.0 to 6.10.1, OpenC3 COSMOS contains a critical remote code execution vulnerability reachable through the JSON-RPC API. When a JSON-RPC request uses the string form of certain APIs, attacker-controlled parameter text is parsed into values using String#convert_to_value. For array-like inputs, convert_to_value executes eval(). Because the cmd code path parses the command string before calling authorize(), an unauthenticated attacker can trigger Ruby code execution even though the request ultimately fails authorization (401). This vulnerability is fixed in 6.10.2.
Severity
10 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-13 20:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenC3 cosmos Affected: >= 5.0.0, < 6.10.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-66474 (GCVE-0-2025-66474)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-10 21:59 – Updated: 2025-12-11 15:39
VLAI
Title
XWiki vulnerable to remote code execution through insufficient protection against {{/html}} injection
Summary
XWiki Rendering is a generic rendering system that converts textual input in a given syntax (wiki syntax, HTML, etc) into another syntax (XHTML, etc). Versions 16.10.9 and below, 17.0.0-rc-1 through 17.4.2 and 17.5.0-rc-1 through 17.5.0 have insufficient protection against {{/html}} injection, which attackers can exploit through RCE. Any user who can edit their own profile or any other document can execute arbitrary script macros, including Groovy and Python macros, which enable remote code execution as well as unrestricted read and write access to all wiki contents. This issue is fixed in versions 16.10.10, 17.4.3 and 17.6.0-rc-1.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-11 15:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
xwiki xwiki-rendering Affected: < 16.10.10
Affected: >= 17.0.0-rc-1, < 17.4.3
Affected: >= 17.5.0-rc-1, < 17.6.0-rc-1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-64496 (GCVE-0-2025-64496)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-08 01:29 – Updated: 2025-11-13 21:37
VLAI
Title
Open WebUI Affected by an External Model Server (Direct Connections) Code Injection via SSE Events
Summary
Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Versions 0.6.224 and prior contain a code injection vulnerability in the Direct Connections feature that allows malicious external model servers to execute arbitrary JavaScript in victim browsers via Server-Sent Event (SSE) execute events. This leads to authentication token theft, complete account takeover, and when chained with the Functions API, enables remote code execution on the backend server. The attack requires the victim to enable Direct Connections (disabled by default) and add the attacker's malicious model URL, achievable through social engineering of the admin and subsequent users. This issue is fixed in version 0.6.35.
Severity
7.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-13 21:37 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
  • CWE-829 - Inclusion of Functionality from Untrusted Control Sphere
  • CWE-830 - Inclusion of Web Functionality from an Untrusted Source
  • CWE-501 - Trust Boundary Violation
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
open-webui open-webui Affected: < 0.6.35
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-61955 (GCVE-0-2025-61955)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-15 13:55 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:57 X_F5
VLAI
Title
F5OS vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability exists in F5OS-A and F5OS-C systems that may allow an authenticated attacker with local access to escalate their privileges.  A successful exploit may allow the attacker to cross a security boundary.  Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-16 03:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
F5 F5OS - Appliance Affected: 1.8.0 , < 1.8.3 (custom)
Affected: 1.5.0 , < 1.5.4 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
F5 F5OS - Chassis Affected: 1.8.0 , < 1.8.2 (custom)
Affected: 1.6.0 , < 1.6.4 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2025-10-15 14:00
Credits
F5
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-58365 (GCVE-0-2025-58365)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-08 21:19 – Updated: 2025-09-09 13:37
VLAI
Title
XWiki Blog Application: Privilege Escalation (PR) from account through blog content
Summary
The XWiki blog application allows users of the XWiki platform to create and manage blog posts. Prior to version 9.14, the blog application in XWiki allowed remote code execution for any user who has edit right on any page. Normally, these are all logged-in users as they can edit their own user profile. For an exploit, it is sufficient to add an object of type `Blog.BlogPostClass` to any page and to add some script macro with the exploit code to the "Content" field of that object. The vulnerability has been patched in the blog application version 9.14 by executing the content of blog posts with the rights of the appropriate author. No known workarounds are available.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-09 13:37 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Refactoring

If possible, refactor your code so that it does not need to use eval() at all.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Implementation
  • Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
  • Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

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