Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-776

Allowed

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.

142 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-45771 (GCVE-0-2026-45771)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 15:51 – Updated: 2026-06-09 18:24
VLAI
Title
Freeswitch Denial-of-Service in SIP PUBLISH Requests via XML Entity Expansion
Summary
FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to version 1.11.0, FreeSWITCH's bundled XML parser expands nested <!ENTITY> declarations without a depth or count bound, so a small DTD can describe a body that expands exponentially ("billion laughs"). The PIDF body of a SIP PUBLISH is fed to this parser before any digest check, letting an unauthenticated network attacker force unbounded CPU and memory consumption with a single request. This issue has been patched in version 1.11.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
signalwire freeswitch Affected: < 1.11.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-45304 (GCVE-0-2026-45304)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 18:48 – Updated: 2026-07-14 19:13
VLAI
Title
Symfony: YAML Parser Exponential Memory Allocation via Recursive Collection-Alias Expansion ("Billion Laughs")
Summary
Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12, Symfony\Component\Yaml\Parser resolved YAML collection aliases recursively, allowing a small untrusted YAML input to expand into a multi-gigabyte structure and exhaust memory. This issue is fixed in versions 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
symfony symfony Affected: < 5.4.52
Affected: >= 6.0.0-BETA1, < 6.4.40
Affected: >= 7.0.0-BETA1, < 7.4.12
Affected: >= 8.0.0-BETA1, < 8.0.12
Create a notification for this product.
symfony yaml Affected: < 5.4.52
Affected: >= 6.0.0-BETA1, < 6.4.40
Affected: >= 7.0.0-BETA1, < 7.4.12
Affected: >= 8.0.0-BETA1, < 8.0.12
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-45133 (GCVE-0-2026-45133)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 18:45 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:45
VLAI
Title
Symfony: [Yaml] Harden the parser when handling untrusted input
Summary
Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12, when the parser is exposed to attacker-controlled input, deeply nested mappings or sequences cause both the block-level (Parser::parseBlock()) and inline (Inline::parseSequence() / Inline::parseMapping()) parsers to recurse without a depth limit. A crafted document exhausts the PHP stack and crashes the worker. This issue is fixed in versions 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12.
Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
CWE
  • CWE-674 - Uncontrolled Recursion
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
  • CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
symfony symfony Affected: < 5.4.52
Affected: >= 6.0.0-BETA1, < 6.4.40
Affected: >= 7.0.0-BETA1, < 7.4.12
Affected: >= 8.0.0-BETA1, < 8.0.12
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-44020 (GCVE-0-2026-44020)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 17:45 – Updated: 2026-07-15 00:54
VLAI
Title
Docling: Unsafe XML Entity Expansion in USPTO Patent Backend
Summary
Docling simplifies document processing by parsing diverse formats and providing integrations with the generative AI ecosystem. From 2.13.0 until 2.74.0, the USPTO patent XML parser used the standard xml.sax.parseString() without protection against XML External Entity (XXE) attacks. An attacker could craft malicious USPTO patent XML files with external entity references that could read arbitrary files from the server filesystem, perform Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attacks, or cause denial of service through entity expansion (Billion Laughs attack). The vulnerability affects three USPTO patent format parsers: ICE (v4.x), Grant v2.5, and Application v1.x. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.74.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
9.4 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
  • CWE-611 - Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-44018 (GCVE-0-2026-44018)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-26 15:40 – Updated: 2026-06-26 19:13
VLAI
Title
Docling: Unsafe Archive Extraction and XML Parsing in METS-GBS Backend
Summary
Docling simplifies document processing by parsing diverse formats and providing integrations with the generative AI ecosystem. From 2.45.0 until 2.91.0, the METS-GBS backend's XML parsing and the input document format detection lacked security controls. An attacker could craft malicious METS-GBS archives that, when processed, could read sensitive files, exhaust system resources, or cause application crashes. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.91.0.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
  • CWE-611 - Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
docling-project docling Affected: >= 2.45.0, < 2.91.0
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CVE-2026-42212 (GCVE-0-2026-42212)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 21:35 – Updated: 2026-05-11 14:26
VLAI
Title
SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE: XML External Entity (XXE) and billion-laughs DoS in VMID parser
Summary
SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE is an unofficial, independently developed extension, Postprocessor IDE for SolidCAM. From version 1.0.0 to before version 1.0.2, Opening a .gpp file in the SolidCAM Postprocessor IDE extension causes the language server to parse a companion .vmid file from the same directory (naming convention: foo.gpp to foo.vmid). The VMID parser called XDocument.Load(path) without any XmlReaderSettings, inheriting the framework defaults which in .NET 8 allow DTD processing. A malicious .vmid file could therefore: disclose local files via external entity references, exhaust memory via recursive entity expansion, and cause denial of service via oversized or deeply nested XML. This issue has been patched in version 1.0.2.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-400 - Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
  • CWE-611 - Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
anzory SolidCAM-GPPL-IDE Affected: >= 1.0.0, < 1.0.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-40260 (GCVE-0-2026-40260)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 23:18 – Updated: 2026-04-17 18:42
VLAI
Title
pypdf: Manipulated XMP metadata entity declarations can exhaust RAM
Summary
pypdf is a free and open-source pure-python PDF library. In versions prior to 6.10.0, manipulated XMP metadata entity declarations can exhaust RAM. An attacker who exploits this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing the XMP metadata. This issue has been fixed in version 6.10.0.
Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
py-pdf pypdf Affected: < 6.10.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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          "url": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/security/advisories/GHSA-3crg-w4f6-42mx"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3724",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
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          "url": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3724"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/commit/b15a374e5ca648d4878e57c3b2c0551e7f8cc7f8",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
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        },
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      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-3crg-w4f6-42mx",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
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      "title": "pypdf: Manipulated XMP metadata entity declarations can exhaust RAM"
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    "cveId": "CVE-2026-40260",
    "datePublished": "2026-04-16T23:18:26.687Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-04-10T17:31:45.787Z",
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CVE-2026-33036 (GCVE-0-2026-33036)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-20 05:17 – Updated: 2026-03-25 13:57
VLAI
Title
fast-xml-parser affected by numeric entity expansion bypassing all entity expansion limits (incomplete fix for CVE-2026-26278)
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to process XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries or callbacks. Versions 4.0.0-beta.3 through 5.5.5 contain a bypass vulnerability where numeric character references (&#NNN;, &#xHH;) and standard XML entities completely evade the entity expansion limits (e.g., maxTotalExpansions, maxExpandedLength) added to fix CVE-2026-26278, enabling XML entity expansion Denial of Service. The root cause is that replaceEntitiesValue() in OrderedObjParser.js only enforces expansion counting on DOCTYPE-defined entities while the lastEntities loop handling numeric/standard entities performs no counting at all. An attacker supplying 1M numeric entity references like &#65; can force ~147MB of memory allocation and heavy CPU usage, potentially crashing the process—even when developers have configured strict limits. This issue has been fixed in version 5.5.6.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
NaturalIntelligence fast-xml-parser Affected: >= 4.0.0-beta.3, < 5.5.6
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
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CVE-2026-29074 (GCVE-0-2026-29074)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 07:23 – Updated: 2026-07-15 01:10
VLAI
Title
SVGO: DoS through entity expansion in DOCTYPE (Billion Laughs)
Summary
SVGO, short for SVG Optimizer, is a Node.js library and command-line application for optimizing SVG files. From version 2.1.0 to before version 2.8.1, from version 3.0.0 to before version 3.3.3, and before version 4.0.1, SVGO accepts XML with custom entities, without guards against entity expansion or recursion. This can result in a small XML file (811 bytes) stalling the application and even crashing the Node.js process with JavaScript heap out of memory. This issue has been patched in versions 2.8.1, 3.3.3, and 4.0.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://github.com/svg/svgo/security/advisories/G… x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-29074 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2445132 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… x_sadp-csaf-vex
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13512 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6277 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7110 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13553 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6309 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13545 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9742 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13826 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:5807 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24977 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19712 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21772 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8483 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8490 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8491 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8493 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:8484 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:11916 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:11856 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6568 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6926 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
svg svgo Affected: >= 2.1.0, < 2.8.1
Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.3.3
Affected: = 4.0.0
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8 Unaffected: 0:2.5.20260422-2.el8ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:2.5.20260422-2.el9ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 for RHEL 9 Unaffected: 0:2.6.7-1.el9ap , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.8 Unaffected: 1775594119 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.8::el8
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 Unaffected: 1777403872 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.5::el8
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 Unaffected: 1777387242 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 Unaffected: 1774243862 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2.6::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8 Unaffected: 1776784286 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9 Unaffected: 1777903262 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.16 Unaffected: 1774282136 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.16::el8
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 Unaffected: 1780467029 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 Unaffected: 1780467147 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 Unaffected: 1779189627 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 Unaffected: 1778473763 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.3 Unaffected: 1778666987 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.28 Unaffected: 1779814592 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.28::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6 Unaffected: 1776191302 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2.6::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3 Unaffected: 1776151124 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.0::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3 Unaffected: 1776151272 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.0::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.1 Unaffected: 1776151106 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.1::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.1 Unaffected: 1776151270 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.1::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.2 Unaffected: 1776155669 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.2::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.2 Unaffected: 1776149682 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.2::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.3 Unaffected: 1776151134 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.3 Unaffected: 1776151277 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.3::el9
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.10 Unaffected: 1776736910 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.12 Unaffected: 1776752646 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.12::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.14 Unaffected: 1779689392 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.14::el8
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Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.15 Unaffected: 1775169219 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.16 Unaffected: 1779204086 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.17 Unaffected: 1779922205 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.17::el9
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.9 Unaffected: 1775169218 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8
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Red Hat Cryostat 4     cpe:/a:redhat:cryostat:4
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Red Hat Gatekeeper 3     cpe:/a:redhat:gatekeeper:3
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Red Hat Multicluster Engine for Kubernetes     cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine
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Red Hat OpenShift Pipelines     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1
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Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3
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Red Hat Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2     cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_3scale_amp:2
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2     cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2     cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2
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Red Hat Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2     cpe:/a:redhat:service_registry:2
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Red Hat Red Hat build of OptaPlanner 8     cpe:/a:redhat:optaplanner:::el6
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Red Hat Red Hat Data Grid 8     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_data_grid:8
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3     cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3
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Red Hat Red Hat Fuse 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8
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Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack     cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift distributed tracing 3     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_distributed_tracing:3
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Red Hat Red Hat Single Sign-On 7     cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7
 Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Self-service automation portal 2     cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2
 Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-27807 (GCVE-0-2026-27807)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-06 02:48 – Updated: 2026-03-06 16:10
VLAI
Title
MarkUs: YAML alias (‘billion laughs’) DoS in config upload
Summary
MarkUs is a web application for the submission and grading of student assignments. Prior to version 2.9.4, MarkUs allows course instructors to upload YAML files to create/update various entities (e.g., assignment settings). These YAML files are parsed with aliases enabled. This issue has been patched in version 2.9.4.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MarkUsProject Markus Affected: < 2.9.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-776",
              "description": "CWE-776: Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs (\u0027XML Entity Expansion\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-03-06T02:48:28.384Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/security/advisories/GHSA-m9rx-85mx-q9h6",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/security/advisories/GHSA-m9rx-85mx-q9h6"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/releases/tag/v2.9.4",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MarkUsProject/Markus/releases/tag/v2.9.4"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-m9rx-85mx-q9h6",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "MarkUs: YAML alias (\u2018billion laughs\u2019) DoS in config upload"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-27807",
    "datePublished": "2026-03-06T02:48:28.384Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-02-24T02:31:33.267Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-03-06T16:10:43.887Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Operation

If possible, prohibit the use of DTDs or use an XML parser that limits the expansion of recursive DTD entities.

Mitigation
Implementation

Before parsing XML files with associated DTDs, scan for recursive entity declarations and do not continue parsing potentially explosive content.

CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion

An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.

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