Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-776
AllowedImproper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.
142 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-26278 (GCVE-0-2026-26278)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 19:40 – Updated: 2026-07-15 01:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
fast-xml-parser affected by DoS through entity expansion in DOCTYPE (no expansion limit)
Summary
fast-xml-parser allows users to validate XML, parse XML to JS object, or build XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries and no callback. In versions 4.1.3 through 5.3.5, the XML parser can be forced to do an unlimited amount of entity expansion. With a very small XML input, it’s possible to make the parser spend seconds or even minutes processing a single request, effectively freezing the application. Version 5.3.6 fixes the issue. As a workaround, avoid using DOCTYPE parsing by `processEntities: false` option.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/NaturalIntelligence/fast-xml-p… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-26278 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2441120 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7110 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:7128 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6174 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6802 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
11 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NaturalIntelligence | fast-xml-parser |
Affected:
>= 5.0.0, < 5.3.6
Affected: >= 4.1.3, < 4.5.4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.8 |
Unaffected:
1775594119 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.8::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.9 |
Unaffected:
1775594284 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.9::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8 |
Unaffected:
1774545605 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9 |
Unaffected:
1775140647 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Migration Toolkit for Applications 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_applications:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_data_foundation:4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift GitOps |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_gitops:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:container_native_virtualization:4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Self-service automation portal 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2 |
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CVE-2026-12993 (GCVE-0-2026-12993)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-25 23:23 – Updated: 2026-06-29 18:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apicurio/apicurio-registry: apicurio-registry: xml entity-expansion denial of service via internal dtd subset
Summary
A flaw was found in Apicurio Registry. The DocumentBuilderAccessor correctly blocks external DTD and schema access but does not disable DOCTYPE declarations or enable FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING. An attacker with artifact-write permission can upload XML documents with internal entity-expansion payloads (billion-laughs variant) that cause CPU and heap exhaustion, partially mitigated by the JAXP default 64,000 entity-expansion limit.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-12993 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2491692 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apicurio_registry:3 |
Date Public
2026-06-10 13:00
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CVE-2025-20369 (GCVE-0-2025-20369)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-01 16:07 – Updated: 2025-10-01 17:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Extensible Markup Language (XML) External Entity Injection (XXE) through Dashboard label field on Splunk Enterprise
Summary
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Severity
4.6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - The software uses XML documents and allows their structure to be defined with a Document Type Definition (DTD), but it does not properly control the number of recursive definitions of entities.
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Splunk | Splunk Enterprise |
Affected:
10.0 , < 10.0.0
(custom)
Affected: 9.4 , < 9.4.4 (custom) Affected: 9.3 , < 9.3.6 (custom) Affected: 9.2 , < 9.2.8 (custom) |
|
| Splunk | Splunk Cloud Platform |
Affected:
9.3.2411 , < 9.3.2411.108
(custom)
Affected: 9.3.2408 , < 9.3.2408.118 (custom) Affected: 9.2.2406 , < 9.2.2406.123 (custom) |
Date Public
2025-10-01 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2025-5466 (GCVE-0-2025-5466)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-12 15:00 – Updated: 2025-08-12 19:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
XEE in Ivanti Connect Secure before 22.7R2.8 or 22.8R2, Ivanti Policy Secure before 22.7R1.5, Ivanti ZTA Gateway before 22.8R2.3-723 and Ivanti Neurons for Secure Access before 22.8R1.4 (Fix deployed on 02-Aug-2025) allows a remote authenticated attacker with admin privileges to trigger a denial of service
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ivanti | Connect Secure |
Unaffected:
22.7R2.8
Unaffected: 22.8R2 |
|
| Ivanti | Policy Secure |
Unaffected:
22.7R1.5
|
|
| Ivanti | ZTA Gateway |
Unaffected:
22.8R2.3-723
|
|
| Ivanti | Neurons for Secure Access |
Unaffected:
22.8R1.4 (Fix deployed on 02-Aug-2025)
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CVE-2025-3225 (GCVE-0-2025-3225)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-07 09:54 – Updated: 2025-07-07 14:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
XML Entity Expansion vulnerability in run-llama/llama_index
Summary
An XML Entity Expansion vulnerability, also known as a 'billion laughs' attack, exists in the sitemap parser of the run-llama/llama_index repository, specifically affecting version v0.12.21. This vulnerability allows an attacker to supply a malicious Sitemap XML, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) by exhausting system memory and potentially causing a system crash. The issue is resolved in version v0.12.29.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| run-llama | run-llama/llama_index |
Affected:
unspecified , < v0.12.29
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-0617 (GCVE-0-2025-0617)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-29 10:08 – Updated: 2025-02-12 19:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An attacker with access to an HX 10.0.0 and previous versions, may send specially-crafted data to the HX console. The malicious detection would then trigger file parsing containing exponential entity expansions in the consumer process thus causing a Denial of Service.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trellix | Trellix HX Console |
Affected:
5.1.1
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CVE-2024-43398 (GCVE-0-2024-43398)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-08-22 14:14 – Updated: 2025-11-03 20:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
REXML denial of service vulnerability
Summary
REXML is an XML toolkit for Ruby. The REXML gem before 3.3.6 has a DoS vulnerability when it parses an XML that has many deep elements that have same local name attributes. If you need to parse untrusted XMLs with tree parser API like REXML::Document.new, you may be impacted to this vulnerability. If you use other parser APIs such as stream parser API and SAX2 parser API, this vulnerability is not affected. The REXML gem 3.3.6 or later include the patch to fix the vulnerability.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
4 references
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CVE-2024-28982 (GCVE-0-2024-28982)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-26 22:37 – Updated: 2024-09-11 23:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hitachi Vantara Pentaho Business Analytics Server - Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference
Summary
Hitachi Vantara Pentaho Business Analytics Server versions before 10.1.0.0 and 9.3.0.7, including 8.3.x do not correctly protect the ACL service endpoint of the Pentaho User Console against XML External Entity Reference.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hitachi Vantara | Pentaho Business Analytics Server |
Affected:
1.0 , < 9.3.0.7
(maven)
Affected: 8.3 , < 10.1.0.0 (maven) |
|
| hitachi_vantara | pentaho_business_analytics_server |
Affected:
1.0 , < 9.3.0.7
(maven)
Affected: 8.3 , < 10.1.0.0 (maven) cpe:2.3:a:hitachi_vantara:pentaho_business_analytics_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Credits
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CVE-2024-27142 (GCVE-0-2024-27142)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-14 02:28 – Updated: 2025-02-13 17:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Pre-authenticated XXE injection
Summary
Toshiba printers use XML communication for the API endpoint provided by the printer. For the endpoint, XML parsing library is used and it is vulnerable to a time-based blind XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability. An attacker can DoS the printers. An attacker can exploit the XXE to retrieve information. As for the affected products/models/versions, see the reference URL.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toshiba Tec Corporation | Toshiba Tec e-Studio multi-function peripheral (MFP) |
Affected:
see the reference URL
|
Date Public
2024-06-14 02:00
Credits
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CVE-2024-27141 (GCVE-0-2024-27141)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-06-14 02:21 – Updated: 2025-02-13 17:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Pre-authenticated Time-Based Blind XXE injection
Summary
Toshiba printers use XML communication for the API endpoint provided by the printer. For the endpoint, XML parsing library is used and it is vulnerable to a time-based blind XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability. An attacker can DoS the printers by sending a HTTP request without authentication. An attacker can exploit the XXE to retrieve information. As for the affected products/models/versions, see the reference URL.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-776 - Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
43 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toshiba Tec Corporation | Toshiba Tec e-Studio multi-function peripheral (MFP) |
Affected:
see the reference URL
|
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2521_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2521_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2020_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2020_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2520_nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2520_nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2021_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2021_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3025_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3025_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3525_acg |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3525_acg:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5525_acg |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5525_acg:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6525_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6525_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6525_acg |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6525_acg:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3028-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3028-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3528-ag |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3528-ag:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4528-ag |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4528-ag:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-5528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-5528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6528-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6528-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6526-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6526-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6527-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6527-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-7527-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-7527-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-6529-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-6529-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-7529-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-7529-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-9029-a |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-9029-a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-330-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-330-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-400-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-400-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2010-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2010-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2110-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2110-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2510-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2510-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2610-ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2610-ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2015-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2015-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2515-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2515-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-2615-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-2615-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3015-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3015-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3115-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3115-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3515-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3515-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-3615-nc |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-3615-nc:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4515_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4515_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| toshibatec | e-studio-4615_ac |
Affected:
0 , ≤ *
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:toshibatec:e-studio-4615_ac:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2024-06-14 02:00
Credits
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{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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},
{
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],
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},
{
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{
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"metrics": [
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Mitigation
Operation
If possible, prohibit the use of DTDs or use an XML parser that limits the expansion of recursive DTD entities.
Mitigation
Implementation
Before parsing XML files with associated DTDs, scan for recursive entity declarations and do not continue parsing potentially explosive content.
CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion
An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.