Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-77
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
Many protocols and products have their own custom command language. While OS or shell command strings are frequently discovered and targeted, developers may not realize that these other command languages might also be vulnerable to attacks.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Improper
- Behavior-Type: Neutralization
- Input-Type: Special Elements
- Other: Command
- Common-Name: Command Injection
Mapping guidance
CWE-77 is often misused when OS command injection (CWE-78) was intended instead [REF-1287].
Ensure that the analysis focuses on the root-cause error that allows the execution of commands, as there are many weaknesses that can lead to this consequence. See Terminology Notes. If the weakness involves a command language besides OS shell invocation, then CWE-77 could be used.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Command injection vulnerabilities typically occur when:
Data enters the application from an untrusted source.
The data is part of a string that is executed as a command by the application.
Implementation
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Terminology
The "command injection" phrase carries different meanings, either as an attack or as a technical impact. The most common usage of "command injection" refers to the more-accurate OS command injection (CWE-78), but there are many command languages.
In vulnerability-focused analysis, the phrase may refer to any situation in which the adversary can execute commands of their own choosing, i.e., the focus is on the risk and/or technical impact of exploitation. Many proof-of-concept exploits focus on the ability to execute commands and may emphasize "command injection." However, there are dozens of weaknesses that can allow execution of commands. That is, the ability to execute commands could be resultant from another weakness.
To some, "command injection" can include cases in which the functionality intentionally allows the user to specify an entire command, which is then executed. In this case, the root cause weakness might be related to missing or incorrect authorization, since an adversary should not be able to specify arbitrary commands, but some users or admins are allowed.
CWE-77 and its descendants are specifically focused on behaviors in which the product is intentionally building a command to execute, and the adversary can inject separators into the command or otherwise change the command being executed.
Other
Command injection is a common problem with wrapper programs.
Content history
Submission: 7 Pernicious Kingdoms
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Contribution: Anonymous External Contributor
· 2022-05-20
· CWE 4.9
reported typo in Terminology note
Contribution: Abhi Balakrishnan
· 2024-02-29
· CWE 4.15
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
Contribution: Eldar Marcussen
· 2024-07-01
· CWE 4.15
Suggested that CWE-77 should include more examples than CWE-78.
Modification: Eric Dalci
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
updated Time_of_Introduction
Modification:
· Veracode
· 2008-08-15
· CWE 1.0
Suggested OWASP Top Ten 2004 mapping
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-05-27
· CWE 1.4
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Name
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-07-27
· CWE 1.5
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Name
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-10-29
· CWE 1.6
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Description, Name
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-29
· CWE 1.12
updated Demonstrative_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-10-30
· CWE 2.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-02-21
· CWE 2.4
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-07-17
· CWE 2.5
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-02-18
· CWE 2.6
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Other_Notes, Terminology_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-06-23
· CWE 2.7
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2015-12-07
· CWE 2.9
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-05-03
· CWE 2.11
updated Potential_Mitigations, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Causal_Nature, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2018-03-27
· CWE 3.1
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-07-20
· CWE 4.5
updated Description, Observed_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-06-28
· CWE 4.8
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated Observed_Examples, References, Terminology_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-07-16
· CWE 4.15
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Diagram, Mapping_Notes, Modes_of_Introduction, Observed_Examples, Other_Notes, Terminology_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-11-19
· CWE 4.16
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-04-30
· CWE 4.20
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Dimensions, Name, Observed_Examples, References
6014 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-123022 (GCVE-0-2026-123022)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 13:15 – Updated: 2026-11-05 16:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
agentscope-ai AgentScope MCP Workspace API _config.py subprocess.Popen os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in agentscope-ai AgentScope up to 2.0.11. The impacted element is the function subprocess.Popen of the file src/agentscope/mcp/_config.py of the component MCP Workspace API. The manipulation of the argument command results in os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 16:30 UTC
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431395 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431395/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123022 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033130 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/issues/3312 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/pull/3448 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/ybyu-ieu/agent-security-adviso… | exploit |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| agentscope-ai | AgentScope |
Affected:
2.0.0
Affected: 2.0.1 Affected: 2.0.2 Affected: 2.0.3 Affected: 2.0.4 Affected: 2.0.5 Affected: 2.0.6 Affected: 2.0.7 Affected: 2.0.8 Affected: 2.0.9 Affected: 2.0.10 Affected: 2.0.11 cpe:2.3:a:agentscope-ai:agentscope:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-122157 (GCVE-0-2026-122157)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 01:45 – Updated: 2026-11-05 20:36 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Purocean Yank Note Terminal index.ts checkPermission os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in Purocean Yank Note 3.93.0. Affected by this vulnerability is the function checkPermission of the file src/main/server/index.ts of the component Terminal Handler. Such manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. Upgrading to version 3.93.1 addresses this issue. The name of the patch is 59f85d48f17a70a402ad59dcecacdbec20f954df. Upgrading the affected component is recommended.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 20:36 UTC
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431157 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431157/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-122157 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1028030 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/purocean/yn/issues/531 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/purocean/yn/pull/535 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/purocean/yn/commit/59f85d48f17… | patch |
| https://github.com/purocean/yn/releases/tag/v3.93.1 | patch |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-122051 (GCVE-0-2026-122051)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 23:45 – Updated: 2026-11-05 20:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Edimax BR-6208AC mp command injection
Summary
A flaw has been found in Edimax BR-6208AC 1.32. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /goform/mp. Executing a manipulation can lead to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 20:30 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431135 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431135/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-122051 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1025459 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/fizz-is-on-the-way/Iot_vuls/tr… | exploit |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-121932 (GCVE-0-2026-121932)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 19:00 – Updated: 2026-11-04 19:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Linksys E5350 apply.cgi system os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in Linksys E5350 1.0.00.037. This affects the function system of the file /wizard/apply.cgi. Performing a manipulation of the argument ping_ip/traceroute_ip results in os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431044 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431044/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121932 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1024275 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1024277 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Zimo-666/E5350-cves/tree/main/… | exploit |
| https://www.linksys.com/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-121931 (GCVE-0-2026-121931)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 18:45 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:45 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Linksys WRT54GL Traceroute Diagnostic Function apply.cgi system os command injection
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in Linksys WRT54GL 4.30.18. The impacted element is the function system of the file apply.cgi of the component Traceroute Diagnostic Function. Such manipulation of the argument traceroute_ip leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
9.1 (Critical)
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431043 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431043/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121931 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1024099 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Zimo-666/WRT54GL-cves/tree/mai… | exploit |
| https://www.linksys.com/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-121930 (GCVE-0-2026-121930)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 18:30 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:30 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Linksys WRT54GL Ping Diagnostic apply.cgi system os command injection
Summary
A weakness has been identified in Linksys WRT54GL 4.30.18. The affected element is the function system of the file apply.cgi of the component Ping Diagnostic. This manipulation of the argument ping_ip causes os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
9.1 (Critical)
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431042 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431042/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121930 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1024098 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Zimo-666/WRT54GL-cves/tree/mai… | exploit |
| https://www.linksys.com/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-121608 (GCVE-0-2026-121608)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 01:30 – Updated: 2026-11-04 01:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Qihoo 360 D603-2/D600-2/D606-6 Timezone Push iscm on_push_message os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in Qihoo 360 D603-2, D600-2 and D606-6 up to 6.3.2. This vulnerability affects the function on_push_message of the file /fs2/bin/iscm of the component Timezone Push Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument tz can lead to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. Upgrading to version 6.4.0 is able to resolve this issue. Upgrading the affected component is advised. Firmware 6.4.0 gates the path with a new check_timezone_parameter validation (verified by VulDB vulnerability analysis team via disassembly).
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430445 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430445/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121608 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1023263 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/gajgdm6-cpu/b238ba7999685… | exploit |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qihoo 360 | D603-2 |
Affected:
6.3.0
Affected: 6.3.1 Affected: 6.3.2 Unaffected: 6.4.0 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d603-2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D600-2 |
Affected:
6.3.0
Affected: 6.3.1 Affected: 6.3.2 Unaffected: 6.4.0 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d600-2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D606-6 |
Affected:
6.3.0
Affected: 6.3.1 Affected: 6.3.2 Unaffected: 6.4.0 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d606-6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-121607 (GCVE-0-2026-121607)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 01:15 – Updated: 2026-11-04 01:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Qihoo 360 D603-2/D600-2/D606-6/D706 iscm testspeed_command os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Qihoo 360 D603-2, D600-2, D606-6 and D706 up to 6.4.9. This affects the function testspeed_command of the file /fs2/bin/iscm. Performing a manipulation of the argument host results in os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430444 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430444/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121607 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1023262 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/gajgdm6-cpu/e8ef7f512bebb… | exploit |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qihoo 360 | D603-2 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d603-2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D600-2 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d600-2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D606-6 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d606-6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D706 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d706:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-120345 (GCVE-0-2026-120345)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-02 05:15 – Updated: 2026-11-05 21:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WAVLINK WN551X3-A DNS Resolution ioos sub_41a430 os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability was found in WAVLINK WN551X3-A M51X3_V251020-WO-182e965. This impacts the function sub_41a430 of the file /bin/ioos of the component DNS Resolution Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument data results in os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 21:30 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429670 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429670/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-120345 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/919579 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/senxitoyshuyi-ui/HACKALL/blob/… | exploit |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-120344 (GCVE-0-2026-120344)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-02 05:00 – Updated: 2026-11-02 14:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WAVLINK WN551X3-A WireGuard CLI Group ioos system os command injection
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in WAVLINK WN551X3-A M51X3_V251020-WO-182e965. This affects the function system of the file /bin/ioos of the component WireGuard CLI Group Handler. Such manipulation of the argument group_name leads to os command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 14:08 UTC
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429669 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429669/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-120344 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/919551 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/senxitoyshuyi-ui/HACKALL/blob/… | exploit |
Impacted products
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
Implementation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Operation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.