Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-59
AllowedImproper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.
2191 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-50364 (GCVE-0-2026-50364)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 17:06 – Updated: 2026-09-02 17:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Backup Service Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Windows Server Backup allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.2525
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-07-14 14:00
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CVE-2026-50163 (GCVE-0-2026-50163)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-17 19:36 – Updated: 2026-07-20 15:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
oras-go: Hardlink entry with relative Linkname escapes extract dir via process CWD resolution in `oras-go` tar extraction
Summary
oras-go is a Go library for managing OCI artifacts. Prior to 2.6.2, ensureLinkPath in content/file/utils.go:262-275 validates a hardlink target relative to the extract base but returns the unresolved target, causing os.Link("victim.secret", "<extract_base>/payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link") to resolve header.Linkname against the process current working directory for a Typeflag=TypeLink entry such as Name=payload.tar.gz/evil_cwd_link and Linkname="victim.secret" with io.deis.oras.content.unpack: "true", which can expose or tamper with files such as .env, .git/config, .aws/credentials, and ~/.ssh/config. This issue is fixed in version 2.6.2.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-20 15:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/oras-project/oras-go/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/oras-project/oras-go/pull/1232 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/oras-project/oras-go/commit/c4… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/oras-project/oras-go/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| oras-project | oras-go |
Affected:
< 2.6.2
|
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CVE-2026-50135 (GCVE-0-2026-50135)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-06 19:52 – Updated: 2026-07-07 16:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hugo: Symlink confinement bypass in resources.Get
Summary
Hugo is a static site generator. From 0.123.0 to 0.161.1, a regression made RootMappingFs.statRoot use Stat (follows symlinks) instead of Lstat , so a direct resources.Get of a symlink pointing outside its mount returned the target's contents — letting a symlink planted in a local mount (e.g. a vendored themes/ theme) read arbitrary files accessible to the Hugo user. Go-module themes from GitHub (symlinks stripped) and directory walks were unaffected. Fixed in 0.162.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-07 16:52 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/commit/f8b5fa09a… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/releases/tag/v0.162.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-49791 (GCVE-0-2026-49791)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 17:05 – Updated: 2026-09-02 17:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 03:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
18 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.2525
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26226
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26226
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23291
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23291
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5386
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-07-14 14:00
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CVE-2026-49180 (GCVE-0-2026-49180)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 17:05 – Updated: 2026-09-02 17:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Universal Plug and Play (upnp.dll) Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Universal Plug and Play (upnp.dll) allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 19:17 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
18 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.2525
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26226
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26226
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23291
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23291
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5386
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-07-14 14:00
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"product": "Windows Server 2016",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
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"product": "Windows Server 2022",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
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CVE-2026-49176 (GCVE-0-2026-49176)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 17:04 – Updated: 2026-09-02 17:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows WalletService Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Summary
Improper privilege management in Windows WalletService allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 03:58 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
14 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7548
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.8875
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.2525
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9339
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9020
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5386
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33158
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-07-14 14:00
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CVE-2026-49135 (GCVE-0-2026-49135)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-01 18:57 – Updated: 2026-07-14 21:33 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CodexBar < 0.32.0 Insecure Temporary File Handling in Notarization Workflow
Summary
CodexBar prior to 0.32.0 contains an insecure temporary file handling vulnerability that allows local attackers to access sensitive credentials or tamper with build artifacts by exploiting predictable file paths in the release notarization workflow. Attackers with access to the same host can read the App Store Connect API key written to a fixed path, pre-create files or symbolic links at predictable locations to redirect writes to attacker-controlled destinations, or tamper with notarization archives before submission.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-02 13:27 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/steipete/CodexBar/releases/tag… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/steipete/CodexBar/pull/1228 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/steipete/CodexBar/commit/e7d93… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/codexbar-ins… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-05-30 00:00
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CVE-2026-49114 (GCVE-0-2026-49114)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 16:10 – Updated: 2026-08-21 16:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ONNX symlink-following and path-traversal arbitrary file write
Summary
In ONNX before 1.21.0, the 'save_external_data' function builds the external-data file path from the model's external_data location field and opens it for writing without 'O_NOFOLLOW/O_EXCL', after a non-atomic 'os.path.isfile()' check. A local attacker with write access to the directory where a victim serializes external data can deterministically pre-plant a symlink that is being followed, causing the victim's write to append to any file the victim can write, e.g. ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, cron files, or application configs. Fixed in 1.21.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · cisa-cg (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-27 16:00 UTC
CWE
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/onnx/onnx/security/advisories/… | vendor-advisoryexploit |
| https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/de… | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-49114 | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-03-31 00:00
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CVE-2026-47833 (GCVE-0-2026-47833)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-18 18:30 – Updated: 2026-06-18 19:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
setupBpmLogs follows symlink for bpm.log open and chown — container-to-host privilege escalation via /etc/shadow. A compromised process inside a bpm container can cause root to chown an arbitrary host file to vcap and append bpm JSON log lines to it. The chown alone lets the attacker take ownership of /etc/shadow and read every password hash on the host via the read-only /etc bind mount. This is a container-to-host confidentiality break affecting every bpm-managed job.
Affected versions: bpm-release, all versions prior to v1.4.30.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-18 19:08 UTC
CWE
- CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud Foundry Foundation | bpm-release |
Affected:
0 , < 1.4.30
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-47699 (GCVE-0-2026-47699)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-18 21:24 – Updated: 2026-08-21 19:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Confidential Containers Guest Components image-rs: zip-slip-class arbitrary file write via absolute entry path in hardlink fallback
Summary
Confidential Containers Guest Components provides guest tools and components for confidential container workloads. From 0.16.0 until 0.20.0, a crafted OCI image layer can make image_rs::stream::unpack::unpack() create a hardlink outside its destination directory. In image-rs/src/stream/unpack.rs, try_hardlink_fallback() validates the hardlink source but computes the destination with destination.join(&entry_rel). Rust Path::join replaces the base when entry_rel is an absolute tar entry path, so fs::hard_link(&src_canon, &dst_entry_abs) can write attacker-controlled content to an arbitrary absolute path. In Confidential Containers the workload owner already controls trusted image content, so the issue is a workload-owner escape into the pod virtual machine rather than a crossing of the image trust boundary, but it may enable access to pod virtual machine capabilities and attestation abuse. This issue is fixed in version 0.20.0.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 19:17 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| confidential-containers | guest-components |
Affected:
>= 0.16.0, < 0.20.0
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}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-18T21:24:54.280Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/security/advisories/GHSA-84rc-2q4r-45pc",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/security/advisories/GHSA-84rc-2q4r-45pc"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/pull/1440",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/pull/1440"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/pull/1457",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/pull/1457"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/commit/14fbb711af0b29bb9cad307969d57b0de9b85d7f",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/commit/14fbb711af0b29bb9cad307969d57b0de9b85d7f"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/commit/7cc1bc458973310296e58aedbb15cb7963297bbe",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/commit/7cc1bc458973310296e58aedbb15cb7963297bbe"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/releases/tag/v0.20.0",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/confidential-containers/guest-components/releases/tag/v0.20.0"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-84rc-2q4r-45pc",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Confidential Containers Guest Components image-rs: zip-slip-class arbitrary file write via absolute entry path in hardlink fallback"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-47699",
"datePublished": "2026-08-18T21:24:54.280Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-19T21:18:20.404Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-21T19:17:19.410Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-48.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Follow the principle of least privilege when assigning access rights to entities in a software system.
- Denying access to a file can prevent an attacker from replacing that file with a link to a sensitive file. Ensure good compartmentalization in the system to provide protected areas that can be trusted.
CAPEC-132: Symlink Attack
An adversary positions a symbolic link in such a manner that the targeted user or application accesses the link's endpoint, assuming that it is accessing a file with the link's name.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.