Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
214 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-86600 (GCVE-0-2026-86600)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-08 15:48 – Updated: 2026-09-10 15:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Workload identity attestation generated before login host validation in Snowflake drivers
Summary
In affected Snowflake drivers, WORKLOAD_IDENTITY authentication requests a cloud workload-identity token and attaches it to the login request without verifying that the configured host is a Snowflake endpoint. An attacker who can modify the connection configuration can cause the driver to mint a fresh attestation and send it to a host they control. The captured token can be replayed to Snowflake for its remaining lifetime in accounts where that workload identity is already registered. On Azure, the token audience is also taken from connection configuration. Combined with an attacker-controlled host, the driver can request a Managed Identity access token scoped to a non-Snowflake Azure resource and deliver it to the attacker. That path is the only case in which impact extends beyond Snowflake; it is bounded by the token lifetime and the managed identity’s permissions. Successful exploitation requires WORKLOAD_IDENTITY authentication on a workload that already has an ambient cloud identity. Patched driver versions restrict this authenticator to recognized Snowflake hosts. Users must manually upgrade.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 18:03 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
8 references
Impacted products
11 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Snowflake | Snowflake Connector for Python |
Affected:
3.14.1 , < 4.7.3
(python)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake Go Driver |
Affected:
1.15.0 , ≤ 1.19.1
(semver)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake Go Driver |
Affected:
2.0.0 , < 2.2.0
(semver)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake JDBC Driver |
Affected:
3.24.0 , < 4.3.4
(maven)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake JDBC Driver (FIPS) |
Affected:
3.24.0 , < 4.3.4
(maven)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake JDBC Driver (Thin) |
Affected:
3.24.0 , < 4.3.4
(maven)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake Node.js Driver |
Affected:
2.1.1 , < 3.3.0
(semver)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake Connector for .NET |
Affected:
4.7.0 , < 6.1.0
(semver)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake ODBC Driver |
Affected:
3.9.0 , < 3.20.0
(semver)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake PHP PDO Driver |
Affected:
3.6.0 , < 4.2.0
(semver)
|
|
| Snowflake | Snowflake Libsnowflakeclient |
Affected:
2.2.0 , < 2.10.0
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-86115 (GCVE-0-2026-86115)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-05 09:59 – Updated: 2026-09-08 18:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sim before 0.8.14 Confused Deputy in Tool URL Routing Mints an Internal Token for a User-Supplied /api/ Path
Summary
Sim before 0.8.14 classifies tool requests as internal based on URL prefix matching without scheme normalization, skipping SSRF validation and minting internal authentication tokens. Authenticated workflow authors can bypass external URL validation by supplying paths starting with /api/ in HTTP blocks to reach internal-only endpoints like POST /api/function/execute.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-08 18:09 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/geo-chen/oss/blob/main/sim.md | technical-description |
| https://github.com/simstudioai/sim/blob/v0.8.13/a… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/simstudioai/sim/blob/v0.8.13/a… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/simstudioai/sim/pull/7179 | patchissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/simstudioai/sim | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/sim-before-0… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| simstudioai | sim |
Affected:
0 , < 0.8.14
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:sim:sim:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-09-04 00:00
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CVE-2026-83548 (GCVE-0-2026-83548)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-01 21:25 – Updated: 2026-09-03 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A Pre-authentication SSRF vulnerability exists in the SMA1000 Appliance Work Place interface due to an unintended alternate access path. A remote unauthenticated attacker could potentially exploit this vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to sensitive functionality and perform unauthorized operations.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-01 00:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SN… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilit… | government-resource |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-01 21:17
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CVE-2026-77348 (GCVE-0-2026-77348)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-31 21:15 – Updated: 2026-09-03 17:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Wallos incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33407: unauthenticated httpoxy SSRF still reachable via `endpoints/payments/search.php`
Summary
Wallos is an open-source, self-hostable personal subscription tracker. Prior to version 5.0.0, the fix for CVE-2026-33407 (GHSA-hhjq-82f8-m6rc, "SSRF via HTTP Proxy Environment Variable") hardened endpoints/logos/search.php by disabling cURL proxying (CURLOPT_PROXY = '' + CURLOPT_NOPROXY = '*'). However, Wallos ships a second, near-identical, unauthenticated logo-image search endpoint — endpoints/payments/search.php — that was not given the same hardening. It still passes the HTTP_PROXY/HTTPS_PROXY environment variable straight into CURLOPT_PROXY. This issue has been patched in version 5.0.0.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-03 17:43 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/security/advisor… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/commit/11eaf402e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/ellite/Wallos/releases/tag/v5.0.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-73424 (GCVE-0-2026-73424)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-17 17:11 – Updated: 2026-08-18 14:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Astro: Unauthenticated path override in the @astrojs/vercel ISR function
Summary
Astro is a web framework for content-driven websites. From 10.0.3 until 11.0.3, the Astro Vercel adapter in packages/integrations/vercel/src/serverless/entrypoint.ts accepts x_astro_path for the public /_isr function based only on the x-vercel-isr header, allowing unauthenticated GET requests to render routes protected only by Vercel edge path rules or split edge middleware. This issue is fixed in 11.0.3.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 14:48 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/pull/17370 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/commit/3a43cf0… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/releases/tag/@… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-73266 (GCVE-0-2026-73266)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 16:36 – Updated: 2026-09-08 12:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Clusterclaims-controller: confused deputy: tenant-controlled clusterclaim labels propagated to managedcluster, enabling cross-tenant managedclusterset join
Summary
A flaw was found in the clusterclaims-controller component of Multicluster Engine (MCE). An authenticated tenant can exploit this vulnerability by manipulating ClusterClaim labels. This allows the tenant to force a cluster to join a ManagedClusterSet belonging to another tenant. Such unauthorized access could enable the injection of policies and workloads into other tenants' clusters.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-18 01:25 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59556 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59557 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59558 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59559 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59579 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:59593 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-73266 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514217 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.1 |
Unaffected:
1787196014 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.10::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.11 |
Unaffected:
1787239442 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1786577950 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.17::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.6 |
Unaffected:
1787259112 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.8 |
Unaffected:
1787259059 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.9 |
Unaffected:
1787195995 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.9::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-73079 (GCVE-0-2026-73079)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 15:54 – Updated: 2026-08-11 16:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sub2API: Path traversal in the Responses subpath routes lets an authenticated tenant relay requests to arbitrary upstream endpoints using pooled account credentials
Summary
Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions. From 0.1.135, to 0.1.168, platform API keys issued to tenants are exchanged for upstream requests made with shared provider accounts (ChatGPT/Codex OAuth, OpenAI platform keys, or an operator-configured base URL) that belong to the operator, not to the caller. The `POST /responses/*subpath` wildcard routes spliced the client-supplied subpath into the upstream URL with no validation. This lets an authenticated tenant relay requests to arbitrary upstream endpoints using pooled account credentials via a path traversal. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.1.169.
Severity
8.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 16:42 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/pull/5137 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/commit/017f6b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/releases/tag/… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-72640 (GCVE-0-2026-72640)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 19:13 – Updated: 2026-08-13 20:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary in Elastic Cloud on Kubernetes Leading to Cross-Namespace Secret Disclosure
Summary
The Elastic Cloud on Kubernetes (ECK) operator reads a list of secret references from an annotation on secrets it manages, and it accepts the namespace recorded in each reference without validating that the reference is authorized for the resource being reconciled. A user whose Kubernetes permissions are limited to their own namespace can write that annotation, trigger a reconcile, and cause the operator to use its cluster-wide secret permissions to copy the contents of a secret from any other namespace into a secret the user can read.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-13 19:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elastic | Eck Operator |
Affected:
3.0.0 , ≤ 3.4.1
(semver)
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CVE-2026-72526 (GCVE-0-2026-72526)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 01:10 – Updated: 2026-09-05 14:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Multicloud-integrations: multicloud-integrations: pull-model propagation allows hub tenant to target arbitrary spoke cluster via unvalidated ocm-managed-cluster annotation
Summary
A flaw was found in the multicloud-integrations component. The Application propagation controller processes the `ocm-managed-cluster` annotation from an Application Custom Resource (CR) without proper validation. A tenant with permissions to create Applications on the hub cluster can exploit this to target arbitrary managed clusters. This can force ArgoCD on the spoke clusters to synchronize attacker-controlled manifests, leading to arbitrary code execution or privilege escalation on those clusters.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 12:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60387 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-72526 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514227 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.11 |
Unaffected:
1787260689 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.13 |
Unaffected:
1787259106 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.13::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.14 |
Unaffected:
1787183407 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.14::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15 |
Unaffected:
1787238604 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.15::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.16 |
Unaffected:
1787252179 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1787243221 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.17::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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CVE-2026-70398 (GCVE-0-2026-70398)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 01:10 – Updated: 2026-09-05 14:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Multicloud-integrations: multicloud-integrations: gitopscluster.spec.argoserver.argonamespace writes spoke bearer tokens to attacker-chosen namespace
Summary
A flaw was found in multicloud-integrations, a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM). This vulnerability allows an authenticated user, referred to as a tenant, to manipulate the GitOpsCluster controller. By exploiting this, a tenant can redirect sensitive spoke cluster bearer tokens from secure locations to a namespace they control. This unauthorized access to tokens can lead to the disclosure of critical information and bypass security policies within ArgoCD AppProjects.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 12:36 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60386 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60387 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60388 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60389 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60390 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:60391 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-70398 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2514228 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.11 |
Unaffected:
1787260689 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.11::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.13 |
Unaffected:
1787259106 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.13::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.14 |
Unaffected:
1787183407 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.14::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15 |
Unaffected:
1787238604 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.15::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.16 |
Unaffected:
1787252179 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.16::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.17 |
Unaffected:
1787243221 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.17::el9 |
Date Public
2026-08-11 00:00
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.