Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-407
Allowed-with-ReviewInefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.
193 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-49293 (GCVE-0-2026-49293)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-19 18:14 – Updated: 2026-06-22 14:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CPU exhaustion via O(n^2) BigInt construction on radix-prefixed integer literals
Summary
js-toml is a TOML parser for JavaScript, fully compliant with the TOML 1.0.0 Spec. Versions up to and including 1.1.0 parse hexadecimal / octal / binary integer literals via a hand-written `parseBigInt` loop that multiplies a `BigInt` accumulator by the radix once per input digit. Each iteration performs a `BigInt * BigInt` operation on an accumulator that grows linearly with the number of digits already consumed, so the whole loop is O(n²) in the literal length. The lexer regex places no upper bound on the literal length, so a single TOML document containing one ~500 kB hex literal pins one CPU core for ~40 seconds on a modern laptop (Apple M-series, Node v22). Memory amplification is bounded but CPU amplification is severe and grows quadratically: doubling the literal length quadruples the work. A caller that invokes `load()` on attacker-controlled TOML (configuration upload endpoints, CI/CD systems ingesting third-party `*.toml`, IDE plugins, build tools) is exposed to a single-request CPU exhaustion DoS. Version 1.1.1 fixes the issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/sunnyadn/js-toml/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/sunnyadn/js-toml/commit/1abcb3… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/sunnyadn/js-toml/releases/tag/v1.1.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-48959 (GCVE-0-2026-48959)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 02:29 – Updated: 2026-05-29 15:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IO::Uncompress::Unzip versions before 2.220 for Perl allow CPU exhaustion via per-byte read loop in fastForward
Summary
IO::Uncompress::Unzip versions before 2.220 for Perl allow CPU exhaustion via per-byte read loop in fastForward.
fastForward() compares length $offset (the digit count of the offset, 1 to 19) against the chunk size $c instead of $offset itself, so $c shrinks from 16 KiB to 1-19 bytes per iteration.
Extracting a named entry from an attacker supplied zip via IO::Uncompress::Unzip->new($zip, Name => $target) drives a per-byte read loop scaling with the entry's compressed size, up to the non-Zip64 4 GiB cap.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Assigner
References
3 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PMQS | IO::Uncompress::Unzip |
Affected:
0 , < 2.220
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-48516 (GCVE-0-2026-48516)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 21:09 – Updated: 2026-06-25 15:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MessagePack-CSharp: InterfaceLookupFormatter bypasses collision-resistant comparer settings
Summary
MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.301 and 3.1.7, InterfaceLookupFormatter<TKey,TElement> constructs an internal Dictionary<TKey, IGrouping<TKey,TElement>> with the default equality comparer instead of the security-aware comparer supplied by options.Security.GetEqualityComparer<TKey>(). This formatter omission allows hash-collision CPU denial of service against ILookup<TKey,TElement> even when the application has opted into the untrusted-data security posture This vulnerability is fixed in 2.5.301 and 3.1.7.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MessagePack-CSharp | MessagePack-CSharp |
Affected:
>= 3.0, < 3.1.7
Affected: < 2.5.301 |
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CVE-2026-48511 (GCVE-0-2026-48511)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 21:14 – Updated: 2026-06-25 15:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MessagePack-CSharp: ExpandoObject formatter can perform quadratic insertion work on untrusted maps
Summary
MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.301 and 3.1.7, ExpandoObjectFormatter.Deserialize populates System.Dynamic.ExpandoObject by calling IDictionary<string, object>.Add for each map entry. ExpandoObject internally maintains member names in array-like structures, so inserting many distinct keys can require repeated linear scans and array copies. For large attacker-controlled maps, this produces quadratic CPU and allocation behavior. The issue is especially surprising because ExpandoObjectResolver.Options is configured with MessagePackSecurity.UntrustedData, but collision-resistant dictionary comparers cannot protect ExpandoObject insertion internals. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.5.301 and 3.1.7.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MessagePack-CSharp | MessagePack-CSharp |
Affected:
>= 3.0, < 3.1.7
Affected: < 2.5.301 |
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CVE-2026-48502 (GCVE-0-2026-48502)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 21:18 – Updated: 2026-06-23 15:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MessagePack-CSharp: Denial of service vulnerabilities can swamp the CPU or crash the process with stack and heap overflows
Summary
MessagePack for C# is a MessagePack serializer for C#. Prior to 2.5.301 and 3.1.7, MessagePackReader.ReadDateTime() can allocate stack memory based on an attacker-controlled MessagePack extension length. In the slow path for timestamp extension parsing, the computed tokenSize includes the extension body length from the wire and is used in a stackalloc operation before the extension length is validated as one of the valid timestamp sizes. A very small payload can claim a large timestamp extension body and cause a stack allocation large enough to trigger an uncatchable StackOverflowException, terminating the host process. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.5.301 and 3.1.7.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
- CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
- CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
- CWE-502 - Deserialization of Untrusted Data
- CWE-674 - Uncontrolled Recursion
- CWE-789 - Memory Allocation with Excessive Size Value
- CWE-1188 - Insecure Default Initialization of Resource
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MessagePack-CSharp | MessagePack-CSharp |
Affected:
>= 3.1.7, < 3.1.7
Affected: < 2.5.301 |
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CVE-2026-45822 (GCVE-0-2026-45822)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-30 08:05 – Updated: 2026-06-30 12:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
decode-uri-component through 0.4.1 is vulnerable to denial of service. The decode() function splits input on '%' producing N tokens and calls decodeComponents(), exhibiting super-linear parsing time: 200 '%ab' tokens takes approximately 0.7s, 700 tokens approximately 6s, and 1400 tokens approximately 33s. An attacker can cause significant CPU consumption and event-loop blocking via crafted input.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SamVerschueren | decode-uri-component |
Affected:
0.1.0 , < 0.5.0
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-45664 (GCVE-0-2026-45664)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 21:30 – Updated: 2026-07-15 00:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ImageMagick: Policy Bypass in MNG coder could
Summary
ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. Prior to versions 6.9.13-47 and 7.1.2-22, because of a missing check in the MNG coder it would be possible to read more images than the list limit policy would allow resulting in excessive resource use. This issue has been patched in versions 6.9.13-47 and 7.1.2-22.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-45664 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2487732 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:32961 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ImageMagick | ImageMagick |
Affected:
< 6.9.13-47
Affected: < 7.1.2-22 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle Support |
Unaffected:
0:6.9.10.68-17.el7_9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
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CVE-2026-45186 (GCVE-0-2026-45186)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-10 06:36 – Updated: 2026-07-15 00:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
In libexpat before 2.8.1, the computational complexity of attribute name collision checks allows a denial of service via moderately sized crafted XML input.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Assigner
References
12 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/pull/1216 | |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0… | |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-45186 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2468575 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22715 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23230 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22721 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:29197 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27201 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26319 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/… |
Impacted products
17 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| libexpat project | libexpat |
Affected:
0 , < 2.8.1
(semver)
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
Unaffected:
0:2.7.3-1.el10_2.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.2 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:2.5.0-2.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:2.5.0-6.el9_8.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Core Services 2.4.62.SP4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_core_services:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Discovery 2 |
Unaffected:
1782159791 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:discovery:2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Discovery 2 |
Unaffected:
1782166952 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:discovery:2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Update Infrastructure 5 |
Unaffected:
1781525684 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhui:5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Update Infrastructure 5 |
Unaffected:
1781525671 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhui:5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Update Infrastructure 5 |
Unaffected:
1781525693 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhui:5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Update Infrastructure 5 |
Unaffected:
1781525739 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhui:5::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < V3.1.6
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < V3.1.6
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.5 , < V3.1.6
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-44390 (GCVE-0-2026-44390)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-20 09:21 – Updated: 2026-07-15 00:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unbounded name compression in certain cases causes degradation of service
Summary
NLnet Labs Unbound up to and including version 1.25.0 has a vulnerability when handling replies with very large RRsets that Unbound needs to perform name compression for. Malicious upstream responses with very large RRsets with records that don't share a suffix above the root can cause Unbound to spend a considerable time applying name compression to downstream replies. This can lead to degraded performance and eventually denial of service in well orchestrated attacks. An adversary can exploit the vulnerability by querying Unbound for the specially crafted contents of a malicious zone with very large RRsets. Before Unbound replies to the query it will try to apply name compression which was an unbounded operation that could lock the CPU until the whole packet was complete. A compression limit was introduced in 1.21.1 for this but it didn't account for the case where records would not share any suffix above the root. That causes Unbound to go in a different code path because of the compression tree lookup failure and eventually not increment the compression counter for those operations. Unbound 1.25.1 contains a patch with a fix that increments the compression counter regardless of the compression tree lookup. This is a complement fix to CVE-2024-8508.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-20… | vendor-advisory |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-44390 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2480130 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
Impacted products
8 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NLnet Labs | Unbound |
Affected:
0 , < 1.25.1
(semver)
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Hardened Images |
cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4 |
Date Public
2026-05-20 00:00
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CVE-2026-44378 (GCVE-0-2026-44378)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 16:34 – Updated: 2026-05-27 19:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Botan: Quadratic complexity decoding BER indefinite length encodings
Summary
Botan is a C++ cryptography library. Prior to 3.12.0, certain patterns of indefinite length encodings in BER data could cause quadratic behavior in the parser, resulting in a denial of service. Such BER encodings were accepted even in structures which are required to be encoded as DER, which prohibits indefinite length encodings. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.12.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/randombit/botan/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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No mitigation information available for this CWE.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.