Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-1336
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.
460 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-31864 (GCVE-0-2026-31864)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-13 19:22 – Updated: 2026-03-13 19:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
JumpServer has a Server-Side Template Injection Leading to RCE via YAML Rendering
Summary
JumpServer is an open source bastion host and an operation and maintenance security audit system. a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in JumpServer's Applet and VirtualApp upload functionality. This vulnerability can only be exploited by users with administrative privileges (Application Applet Management or Virtual Application Management permissions). Attackers can exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code within the JumpServer Core container. The vulnerability arises from unsafe use of Jinja2 template rendering when processing user-uploaded YAML configuration files. When a user uploads an Applet or VirtualApp ZIP package, the manifest.yml file is rendered through Jinja2 without sandbox restrictions, allowing template injection attacks.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-13 19:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jumpserver/jumpserver/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/jumpserver/jumpserver/pull/16608 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jumpserver | jumpserver |
Affected:
< 3.10.22
Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.10.16 |
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CVE-2026-29207 (GCVE-0-2026-29207)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-19 09:18 – Updated: 2026-05-19 18:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache OFBiz: Low-Privilege SSTI Leading to RCE in the Content Component
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine vulnerability in Apache OFBiz.
This issue affects Apache OFBiz: before 24.09.06.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 24.09.06, which fixes the issue.
Please note that in the updated version, "Data Resource" records with dataTemplateTypeId = "FTL" are no longer supported.
Additionally, in the updated version, the "Ecommerce Customer" security group no longer includes content management grants. Users are advised to remove these permissions from any production site as well.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-19 13:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/3rcrp8bh3x6ovrj5x… | vendor-advisory |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache OFBiz |
Affected:
0 , < 24.09.06
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-28797 (GCVE-0-2026-28797)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-03 21:41 – Updated: 2026-04-06 18:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
RAGFlow: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) leading to Remote Code Execution (RCE) in Agent "Text Processing" Component
Summary
RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine. In versions 0.24.0 and prior, a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in RAGFlow's Agent workflow Text Processing (StringTransform) and Message components. These components use Python's jinja2.Template (unsandboxed) to render user-supplied templates, allowing any authenticated user to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the server. At time of publication, there are no publicly available patches.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-06 18:56 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/infiniflow/ragflow/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| infiniflow | ragflow |
Affected:
<= 0.24.0
|
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CVE-2026-28784 (GCVE-0-2026-28784)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 16:53 – Updated: 2026-03-06 05:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Craft is affected by potential authenticated Remote Code Execution via Twig SSTI
Summary
Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.8.22 and 4.16.18, it is possible to craft a malicious payload using the Twig map filter in text fields that accept Twig input under Settings in the Craft control panel or using the System Messages utility, which could lead to a RCE. For this to work, you must have administrator access to the Craft Control Panel, and allowAdminChanges must be enabled for this to work, which is against our recommendations for any non-dev environment. Alternatively, you can have a non-administrator account with allowAdminChanges disabled, but you have access to the System Messages utility. Users should update to the patched versions (5.8.22 and 4.16.18) to mitigate the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/pull/18208 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://craftcms.com/knowledge-base/securing-craf… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-28783 (GCVE-0-2026-28783)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 16:50 – Updated: 2026-03-06 05:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Craft has a Twig Function Blocklist Bypass
Summary
Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.9.0-beta.1 and 4.17.0-beta.1, Craft CMS implements a blocklist to prevent potentially dangerous PHP functions from being called via Twig non-Closure arrow functions. In order to be able to successfully execute this attack, you need to either have allowAdminChanges enabled on production, or a compromised admin account, or an account with access to the System Messages utility. Several PHP functions are not included in the blocklist, which could allow malicious actors with the required permissions to execute various types of payloads, including RCEs, arbitrary file reads, SSRFs, and SSTIs. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.9.0-beta.1 and 4.17.0-beta.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/pull/18208 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-28697 (GCVE-0-2026-28697)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 16:26 – Updated: 2026-03-06 05:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Craft Affected by Authenticated RCE via "craft.app.fs.write()" in Twig Templates
Summary
Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 4.17.0-beta.1 and 5.9.0-beta.1, an authenticated administrator can achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE) by injecting a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) payload into Twig template fields (e.g., Email Templates). By calling the craft.app.fs.write() method, an attacker can write a malicious PHP script to a web-accessible directory and subsequently access it via the browser to execute arbitrary system commands. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.17.0-beta.1 and 5.9.0-beta.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/pull/18216 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/pull/18219 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/9dc2a4a3ec… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-28695 (GCVE-0-2026-28695)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 16:15 – Updated: 2026-03-06 05:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Craft affected by authenticated RCE via Twig SSTI - create() function + Symfony Process gadget
Summary
Craft is a content management system (CMS). There is an authenticated admin RCE in Craft CMS 5.8.21 via Server-Side Template Injection using the create() Twig function combined with a Symfony Process gadget chain. The create() Twig function exposes Craft::createObject(), which allows instantiation of arbitrary PHP classes with constructor arguments. Combined with the bundled symfony/process dependency, this enables RCE. This bypasses the fix implemented for CVE-2025-57811 (patched in 5.8.7). This vulnerability is fixed in 5.9.0-beta.1 and 4.17.0-beta.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/e31e50849a… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-28496 (GCVE-0-2026-28496)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 14:20 – Updated: 2026-06-23 15:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FOSSBilling: Server-side template injection in Twig template rendering enables information disclosure and RCE
Summary
FOSSBilling is a free, open-source billing and client management system. Versions prior to 0.8.0 have a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability in the template rendering system. Administrators with access to features that render Twig templates (email templates, mass mail campaigns, custom payment adapters, and the `string_render` API endpoint) can inject arbitrary Twig expressions, leading to information disclosure and remote code execution. The vulnerability exists because Twig templates are rendered without a sandbox, allowing access to the full Twig environment, API context, and the application's dependency injection container. Version 0.8.0 patches the issue. Some workarounds are available. Audit existing email templates for suspicious Twig expressions, rotate all admin and client API tokens, and/or block external access to /api/system/* at reverse proxy/WAF to mitigate chaining with GHSA-78x5-c8gw-8279.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 15:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FOSSBilling/FOSSBilling/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/FOSSBilling/FOSSBilling/securi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/blog/fossbilling-auth-b… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FOSSBilling | FOSSBilling |
Affected:
< 0.8.0
|
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CVE-2026-28228 (GCVE-0-2026-28228)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-30 20:31 – Updated: 2026-03-31 18:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenOLAT: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Velocity templates allows Remote Code Execution
Summary
OpenOlat is an open source web-based e-learning platform for teaching, learning, assessment and communication. Prior to versions 19.1.31, 20.1.18, and 20.2.5, an authenticated user with the Author role can inject Velocity directives into a reminder email template. When the reminder is processed (either triggered manually or via the daily cron job), the injected directives are evaluated server-side. By chaining Velocity's #set directive with Java reflection, an attacker can instantiate arbitrary Java classes such as java.lang.ProcessBuilder and execute operating system commands with the privileges of the Tomcat process (typically root in containerized deployments). This issue has been patched in versions 19.1.31, 20.1.18, and 20.2.5.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-31 18:51 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenOLAT/OpenOLAT/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-27961 (GCVE-0-2026-27961)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-26 01:39 – Updated: 2026-02-26 19:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Agenta's Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) via custom evaluator Jinja2 templates allows RCE
Summary
Agenta is an open-source LLMOps platform. A Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in versions prior to 0.86.8 in Agenta's API server evaluator template rendering. Although the vulnerable code lives in the SDK package, it is executed server-side within the API process when running evaluators. This does not affect standalone SDK usage — it only impacts self-hosted or managed Agenta platform deployments. Version 0.86.8 contains a fix for the issue.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-26 19:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Agenta-AI/agenta/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Choose a template engine that offers a sandbox or restricted mode, or at least limits the power of any available expressions, function calls, or commands.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use the template engine's sandbox or restricted mode, if available.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.