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CVE-2025-40251 (GCVE-0-2025-40251)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-04 16:08 – Updated: 2026-08-05 12:08
VLAI
Title
devlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: devlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy The function devl_rate_nodes_destroy is documented to "Unset parent for all rate objects". However, it was only calling the driver-specific `rate_leaf_parent_set` or `rate_node_parent_set` ops and decrementing the parent's refcount, without actually setting the `devlink_rate->parent` pointer to NULL. This leaves a dangling pointer in the `devlink_rate` struct, which cause refcount error in netdevsim[1] and mlx5[2]. In addition, this is inconsistent with the behavior of `devlink_nl_rate_parent_node_set`, where the parent pointer is correctly cleared. This patch fixes the issue by explicitly setting `devlink_rate->parent` to NULL after notifying the driver, thus fulfilling the function's documented behavior for all rate objects. [1] repro steps: echo 1 > /sys/bus/netdevsim/new_device devlink dev eswitch set netdevsim/netdevsim1 mode switchdev echo 1 > /sys/bus/netdevsim/devices/netdevsim1/sriov_numvfs devlink port function rate add netdevsim/netdevsim1/test_node devlink port function rate set netdevsim/netdevsim1/128 parent test_node echo 1 > /sys/bus/netdevsim/del_device dmesg: refcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory. WARNING: CPU: 8 PID: 1530 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0 CPU: 8 UID: 0 PID: 1530 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.18.0-rc4+ #1 NONE Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0 Call Trace: <TASK> devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90 __nsim_dev_port_del+0x6c/0x70 [netdevsim] nsim_dev_reload_destroy+0x11c/0x140 [netdevsim] nsim_drv_remove+0x2b/0xb0 [netdevsim] device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0 bus_remove_device+0xc6/0x130 device_del+0x159/0x3c0 device_unregister+0x1a/0x60 del_device_store+0x111/0x170 [netdevsim] kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0 vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0 ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0 do_syscall_64+0x55/0x10f0 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53 [2] devlink dev eswitch set pci/0000:08:00.0 mode switchdev devlink port add pci/0000:08:00.0 flavour pcisf pfnum 0 sfnum 1000 devlink port function rate add pci/0000:08:00.0/group1 devlink port function rate set pci/0000:08:00.0/32768 parent group1 modprobe -r mlx5_ib mlx5_fwctl mlx5_core dmesg: refcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory. WARNING: CPU: 7 PID: 16151 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0 CPU: 7 UID: 0 PID: 16151 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.17.0-rc7_for_upstream_min_debug_2025_10_02_12_44 #1 NONE Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.3-0-ga6ed6b701f0a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0 Call Trace: <TASK> devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90 mlx5_esw_offloads_devlink_port_unregister+0x33/0x60 [mlx5_core] mlx5_esw_offloads_unload_rep+0x3f/0x50 [mlx5_core] mlx5_eswitch_unload_sf_vport+0x40/0x90 [mlx5_core] mlx5_sf_esw_event+0xc4/0x120 [mlx5_core] notifier_call_chain+0x33/0xa0 blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x3b/0x50 mlx5_eswitch_disable_locked+0x50/0x110 [mlx5_core] mlx5_eswitch_disable+0x63/0x90 [mlx5_core] mlx5_unload+0x1d/0x170 [mlx5_core] mlx5_uninit_one+0xa2/0x130 [mlx5_core] remove_one+0x78/0xd0 [mlx5_core] pci_device_remove+0x39/0xa0 device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0 unbind_store+0x99/0xa0 kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0 vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0 ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0 do_syscall_64+0x53/0x1f0 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-10 20:41 UTC
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be , < 90e51e20bcec9bff5b2421ce1bd95704764655f5 (git)
Affected: d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be , < 715d9cda646a8a38ea8b2bb5afb679a7464055e2 (git)
Affected: d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be , < c70df6c17d389cc743f0eb30160e2d6bc6910db8 (git)
Affected: d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be , < 542f45486f1ce2d2dde75bd85aca0389ef7046c3 (git)
Affected: d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be , < f94c1a114ac209977bdf5ca841b98424295ab1f0 (git)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 5.14
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.14 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.164 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.118 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.60 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.17.10 , ≤ 6.17.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Siemens RUGGEDCOM RST2428P Affected: 0 , < V4.0 (custom)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndevlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy\n\nThe function devl_rate_nodes_destroy is documented to \"Unset parent for\nall rate objects\". However, it was only calling the driver-specific\n`rate_leaf_parent_set` or `rate_node_parent_set` ops and decrementing\nthe parent\u0027s refcount, without actually setting the\n`devlink_rate-\u003eparent` pointer to NULL.\n\nThis leaves a dangling pointer in the `devlink_rate` struct, which cause\nrefcount error in netdevsim[1] and mlx5[2]. In addition, this is\ninconsistent with the behavior of `devlink_nl_rate_parent_node_set`,\nwhere the parent pointer is correctly cleared.\n\nThis patch fixes the issue by explicitly setting `devlink_rate-\u003eparent`\nto NULL after notifying the driver, thus fulfilling the function\u0027s\ndocumented behavior for all rate objects.\n\n[1]\nrepro steps:\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/new_device\ndevlink dev eswitch set netdevsim/netdevsim1 mode switchdev\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/devices/netdevsim1/sriov_numvfs\ndevlink port function rate add netdevsim/netdevsim1/test_node\ndevlink port function rate set netdevsim/netdevsim1/128 parent test_node\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/del_device\n\ndmesg:\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\nWARNING: CPU: 8 PID: 1530 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\nCPU: 8 UID: 0 PID: 1530 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.18.0-rc4+ #1 NONE\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90\n __nsim_dev_port_del+0x6c/0x70 [netdevsim]\n nsim_dev_reload_destroy+0x11c/0x140 [netdevsim]\n nsim_drv_remove+0x2b/0xb0 [netdevsim]\n device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0\n bus_remove_device+0xc6/0x130\n device_del+0x159/0x3c0\n device_unregister+0x1a/0x60\n del_device_store+0x111/0x170 [netdevsim]\n kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0\n vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0\n ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0\n do_syscall_64+0x55/0x10f0\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\n\n[2]\ndevlink dev eswitch set pci/0000:08:00.0 mode switchdev\ndevlink port add pci/0000:08:00.0 flavour pcisf pfnum 0 sfnum 1000\ndevlink port function rate add pci/0000:08:00.0/group1\ndevlink port function rate set pci/0000:08:00.0/32768 parent group1\nmodprobe -r mlx5_ib mlx5_fwctl mlx5_core\n\ndmesg:\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\nWARNING: CPU: 7 PID: 16151 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\nCPU: 7 UID: 0 PID: 16151 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.17.0-rc7_for_upstream_min_debug_2025_10_02_12_44 #1 NONE\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.3-0-ga6ed6b701f0a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90\n mlx5_esw_offloads_devlink_port_unregister+0x33/0x60 [mlx5_core]\n mlx5_esw_offloads_unload_rep+0x3f/0x50 [mlx5_core]\n mlx5_eswitch_unload_sf_vport+0x40/0x90 [mlx5_core]\n mlx5_sf_esw_event+0xc4/0x120 [mlx5_core]\n notifier_call_chain+0x33/0xa0\n blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x3b/0x50\n mlx5_eswitch_disable_locked+0x50/0x110 [mlx5_core]\n mlx5_eswitch_disable+0x63/0x90 [mlx5_core]\n mlx5_unload+0x1d/0x170 [mlx5_core]\n mlx5_uninit_one+0xa2/0x130 [mlx5_core]\n remove_one+0x78/0xd0 [mlx5_core]\n pci_device_remove+0x39/0xa0\n device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0\n unbind_store+0x99/0xa0\n kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0\n vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0\n ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0\n do_syscall_64+0x53/0x1f0\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53"
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            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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              "value": "AV:L - The dangling `devlink_rate-\u003eparent` is dereferenced from the devlink generic-netlink interface (`DEVLINK_CMD_RATE_GET` dump) and from local device/eswitch reconfiguration paths reached via netlink and sysfs. No network packet processing is involved, so this is local-only.\nAC:L - Once `devl_rate_nodes_destroy()` runs (SR-IOV teardown, eswitch mode change, driver reload \u2014 routine in SR-IOV/DPU cloud hosts), the stale parent pointer persists in surviving leaf rate objects, so there is no race to win: the attacker sprays the 120-byte kmalloc-128 slot and then deterministically triggers the deref with an unprivileged `devlink port function rate show`. The reproducers in the commit message are deterministic one-shot command sequences.\nPR:L - The vulnerable dereference sites \u2014 `devlink_nl_rate_fill()` reading `devlink_rate-\u003eparent-\u003ename` and emitting it to userspace \u2014 sit behind `DEVLINK_CMD_RATE_GET`, which carries only `GENL_CMD_CAP_DO|DUMP` with no `GENL_ADMIN_PERM` and no family-level gate, so an ordinary unprivileged local user reaches the freed object and obtains the read primitive. Only the state-creating teardown needs CAP_NET_ADMIN, and that occurs as routine orchestration activity on the affected mlx5/ice/netdevsim hosts.\nUI:N - No victim must open a file, mount a filesystem, or interact in any way; the attacker issues the netlink dump (or the whole command sequence) themselves. Exploitation completes entirely within attacker-issued syscalls.\nS:U - The use-after-free read and write are confined to kernel slab memory under the same security authority as the kernel itself. No VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - `nla_put_string(msg, DEVLINK_ATTR_RATE_PARENT_NODE_NAME, devlink_rate-\u003eparent-\u003ename)` loads a pointer from offset 64 of the freed `struct devlink_rate` and copies the string it points at back to userspace; after reclaiming the kmalloc-128 slot with controlled data this is an unbounded arbitrary kernel-memory read delivered over an unprivileged netlink dump.\nI:H - `devl_rate_leaf_destroy()` performs `refcount_dec()` on offset 72 of the freed object, giving a controlled decrement primitive against whatever kmalloc-128 object reclaims the slot \u2014 dropping a live object\u0027s refcount to zero yields a second use-after-free and the standard heap-spray path to arbitrary write and control-flow hijack.\nA:H - Even without reclamation the bug reliably produces `refcount_warn_saturate` WARNINGs (\"decrement hit 0; leaking memory\") as shown in both netdevsim and mlx5 traces, which panic the box under `panic_on_warn`; with a reclaimed slot the corrupted refcount causes premature frees, slab corruption, and oops on the subsequent dangling-pointer string dereference."
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    "datePublished": "2025-12-04T16:08:13.710Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.181Z",
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      "cve": "CVE-2025-40251",
      "id": "msrc_CVE-2025-40251",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-12-02T00:00:00.000Z",
      "product_status:fixed": "1",
      "product_status:known_affected": "5",
      "source": "Microsoft CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "devlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/csaf/vex/2025/msrc_cve-2025-40251.json",
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    },
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-40251\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-12-04T16:16:18.663\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-07-30T06:24:22.373\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\ndevlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy\\n\\nThe function devl_rate_nodes_destroy is documented to \\\"Unset parent for\\nall rate objects\\\". However, it was only calling the driver-specific\\n`rate_leaf_parent_set` or `rate_node_parent_set` ops and decrementing\\nthe parent\u0027s refcount, without actually setting the\\n`devlink_rate-\u003eparent` pointer to NULL.\\n\\nThis leaves a dangling pointer in the `devlink_rate` struct, which cause\\nrefcount error in netdevsim[1] and mlx5[2]. In addition, this is\\ninconsistent with the behavior of `devlink_nl_rate_parent_node_set`,\\nwhere the parent pointer is correctly cleared.\\n\\nThis patch fixes the issue by explicitly setting `devlink_rate-\u003eparent`\\nto NULL after notifying the driver, thus fulfilling the function\u0027s\\ndocumented behavior for all rate objects.\\n\\n[1]\\nrepro steps:\\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/new_device\\ndevlink dev eswitch set netdevsim/netdevsim1 mode switchdev\\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/devices/netdevsim1/sriov_numvfs\\ndevlink port function rate add netdevsim/netdevsim1/test_node\\ndevlink port function rate set netdevsim/netdevsim1/128 parent test_node\\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/del_device\\n\\ndmesg:\\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\\nWARNING: CPU: 8 PID: 1530 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCPU: 8 UID: 0 PID: 1530 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.18.0-rc4+ #1 NONE\\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCall Trace:\\n \u003cTASK\u003e\\n devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90\\n __nsim_dev_port_del+0x6c/0x70 [netdevsim]\\n nsim_dev_reload_destroy+0x11c/0x140 [netdevsim]\\n nsim_drv_remove+0x2b/0xb0 [netdevsim]\\n device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0\\n bus_remove_device+0xc6/0x130\\n device_del+0x159/0x3c0\\n device_unregister+0x1a/0x60\\n del_device_store+0x111/0x170 [netdevsim]\\n kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0\\n vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0\\n ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0\\n do_syscall_64+0x55/0x10f0\\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\\n\\n[2]\\ndevlink dev eswitch set pci/0000:08:00.0 mode switchdev\\ndevlink port add pci/0000:08:00.0 flavour pcisf pfnum 0 sfnum 1000\\ndevlink port function rate add pci/0000:08:00.0/group1\\ndevlink port function rate set pci/0000:08:00.0/32768 parent group1\\nmodprobe -r mlx5_ib mlx5_fwctl mlx5_core\\n\\ndmesg:\\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\\nWARNING: CPU: 7 PID: 16151 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCPU: 7 UID: 0 PID: 16151 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.17.0-rc7_for_upstream_min_debug_2025_10_02_12_44 #1 NONE\\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.3-0-ga6ed6b701f0a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCall Trace:\\n \u003cTASK\u003e\\n devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90\\n mlx5_esw_offloads_devlink_port_unregister+0x33/0x60 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_esw_offloads_unload_rep+0x3f/0x50 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_eswitch_unload_sf_vport+0x40/0x90 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_sf_esw_event+0xc4/0x120 [mlx5_core]\\n notifier_call_chain+0x33/0xa0\\n blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x3b/0x50\\n mlx5_eswitch_disable_locked+0x50/0x110 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_eswitch_disable+0x63/0x90 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_unload+0x1d/0x170 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_uninit_one+0xa2/0x130 [mlx5_core]\\n remove_one+0x78/0xd0 [mlx5_core]\\n pci_device_remove+0x39/0xa0\\n device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0\\n unbind_store+0x99/0xa0\\n kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0\\n vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0\\n ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0\\n do_syscall_64+0x53/0x1f0\\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"net/devlink/rate.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\",\"lessThan\":\"90e51e20bcec9bff5b2421ce1bd95704764655f5\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\",\"lessThan\":\"715d9cda646a8a38ea8b2bb5afb679a7464055e2\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\",\"lessThan\":\"c70df6c17d389cc743f0eb30160e2d6bc6910db8\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\",\"lessThan\":\"542f45486f1ce2d2dde75bd85aca0389ef7046c3\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\",\"lessThan\":\"f94c1a114ac209977bdf5ca841b98424295ab1f0\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"net/devlink/rate.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"5.14\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"5.14\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.164\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.118\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.60\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.17.10\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.17.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.18\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]},{\"source\":\"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"RUGGEDCOM RST2428P\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unknown\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"V4.0\",\"versionType\":\"custom\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}],\"ssvcV203\":[{\"source\":\"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\",\"ssvcData\":{\"timestamp\":\"2026-06-10T20:41:14.789338Z\",\"id\":\"CVE-2025-40251\",\"options\":[{\"exploitation\":\"none\"},{\"automatable\":\"no\"},{\"technicalImpact\":\"partial\"}],\"role\":\"CISA Coordinator\",\"version\":\"2.0.3\"}}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-476\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.14\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.164\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"55545ED0-9201-4A7C-BFBC-35AC96FC9FEF\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.118\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4391A667-3800-46E2-85F1-05D3343C6133\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.60\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"959A7F68-3804-4797-BE3E-A69E525AD284\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.17.10\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"51C8475C-4E3F-464D-AE0C-4D52A8C3240E\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"DD01661D-DFC8-4B6D-80E7-46D203CC4565\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A8A65C5A-918F-4E0B-8E98-08A29FFBA58A\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"26CA425A-E44F-49D2-92D9-1DDD56398440\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"BEEBB43A-4C9F-46BE-AA6D-9DBFD2244E55\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"2545FB83-C4A6-4F62-9ED1-09F75D2E3C78\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.18:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E955EC5D-4684-4B5D-AE4D-F2BF9ADDBA1D\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/542f45486f1ce2d2dde75bd85aca0389ef7046c3\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/715d9cda646a8a38ea8b2bb5afb679a7464055e2\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/90e51e20bcec9bff5b2421ce1bd95704764655f5\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c70df6c17d389cc743f0eb30160e2d6bc6910db8\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f94c1a114ac209977bdf5ca841b98424295ab1f0\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-253495.html\",\"source\":\"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\"}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-30T08:37:47+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-40251",
      "id": "CVE-2025-40251",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-12-04T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:fixed": "1868",
      "product_status:known_affected": "22",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "90",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: devlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-40251.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-09-12T16:47:01Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-40251",
      "id": "CVE-2025-40251",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-12-05T00:25:29Z",
      "product_status:first_fixed": "2",
      "product_status:known_affected": "610",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "260",
      "product_status:recommended": "372",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2025-40251",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2025-40251.json",
      "version": "45"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"Siemens\", \"product\": \"RUGGEDCOM RST2428P\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"V4.0\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\"}], \"x_adpType\": \"supplier\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-253495.html\"}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\", \"shortName\": \"siemens-SADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-06-02T13:00:01.139Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-40251\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2026-06-10T20:41:14.789338Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-06-11T17:38:09.480Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"devlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy\", \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\", \"lessThan\": \"90e51e20bcec9bff5b2421ce1bd95704764655f5\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\", \"lessThan\": \"715d9cda646a8a38ea8b2bb5afb679a7464055e2\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\", \"lessThan\": \"c70df6c17d389cc743f0eb30160e2d6bc6910db8\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\", \"lessThan\": \"542f45486f1ce2d2dde75bd85aca0389ef7046c3\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"d7555984507822458b32a6405881038241d140be\", \"lessThan\": \"f94c1a114ac209977bdf5ca841b98424295ab1f0\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"net/devlink/rate.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"5.14\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"5.14\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.1.164\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.1.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.6.118\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.6.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.12.60\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.12.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.17.10\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.17.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.18\", \"versionType\": \"original_commit_for_fix\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"*\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"net/devlink/rate.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"affected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/90e51e20bcec9bff5b2421ce1bd95704764655f5\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/715d9cda646a8a38ea8b2bb5afb679a7464055e2\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c70df6c17d389cc743f0eb30160e2d6bc6910db8\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/542f45486f1ce2d2dde75bd85aca0389ef7046c3\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f94c1a114ac209977bdf5ca841b98424295ab1f0\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"bippy-1.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\ndevlink: rate: Unset parent pointer in devl_rate_nodes_destroy\\n\\nThe function devl_rate_nodes_destroy is documented to \\\"Unset parent for\\nall rate objects\\\". However, it was only calling the driver-specific\\n`rate_leaf_parent_set` or `rate_node_parent_set` ops and decrementing\\nthe parent\u0027s refcount, without actually setting the\\n`devlink_rate-\u003eparent` pointer to NULL.\\n\\nThis leaves a dangling pointer in the `devlink_rate` struct, which cause\\nrefcount error in netdevsim[1] and mlx5[2]. In addition, this is\\ninconsistent with the behavior of `devlink_nl_rate_parent_node_set`,\\nwhere the parent pointer is correctly cleared.\\n\\nThis patch fixes the issue by explicitly setting `devlink_rate-\u003eparent`\\nto NULL after notifying the driver, thus fulfilling the function\u0027s\\ndocumented behavior for all rate objects.\\n\\n[1]\\nrepro steps:\\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/new_device\\ndevlink dev eswitch set netdevsim/netdevsim1 mode switchdev\\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/devices/netdevsim1/sriov_numvfs\\ndevlink port function rate add netdevsim/netdevsim1/test_node\\ndevlink port function rate set netdevsim/netdevsim1/128 parent test_node\\necho 1 \u003e /sys/bus/netdevsim/del_device\\n\\ndmesg:\\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\\nWARNING: CPU: 8 PID: 1530 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCPU: 8 UID: 0 PID: 1530 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.18.0-rc4+ #1 NONE\\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCall Trace:\\n \u003cTASK\u003e\\n devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90\\n __nsim_dev_port_del+0x6c/0x70 [netdevsim]\\n nsim_dev_reload_destroy+0x11c/0x140 [netdevsim]\\n nsim_drv_remove+0x2b/0xb0 [netdevsim]\\n device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0\\n bus_remove_device+0xc6/0x130\\n device_del+0x159/0x3c0\\n device_unregister+0x1a/0x60\\n del_device_store+0x111/0x170 [netdevsim]\\n kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0\\n vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0\\n ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0\\n do_syscall_64+0x55/0x10f0\\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\\n\\n[2]\\ndevlink dev eswitch set pci/0000:08:00.0 mode switchdev\\ndevlink port add pci/0000:08:00.0 flavour pcisf pfnum 0 sfnum 1000\\ndevlink port function rate add pci/0000:08:00.0/group1\\ndevlink port function rate set pci/0000:08:00.0/32768 parent group1\\nmodprobe -r mlx5_ib mlx5_fwctl mlx5_core\\n\\ndmesg:\\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\\nWARNING: CPU: 7 PID: 16151 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCPU: 7 UID: 0 PID: 16151 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.17.0-rc7_for_upstream_min_debug_2025_10_02_12_44 #1 NONE\\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.16.3-0-ga6ed6b701f0a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014\\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x42/0xe0\\nCall Trace:\\n \u003cTASK\u003e\\n devl_rate_leaf_destroy+0x8d/0x90\\n mlx5_esw_offloads_devlink_port_unregister+0x33/0x60 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_esw_offloads_unload_rep+0x3f/0x50 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_eswitch_unload_sf_vport+0x40/0x90 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_sf_esw_event+0xc4/0x120 [mlx5_core]\\n notifier_call_chain+0x33/0xa0\\n blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x3b/0x50\\n mlx5_eswitch_disable_locked+0x50/0x110 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_eswitch_disable+0x63/0x90 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_unload+0x1d/0x170 [mlx5_core]\\n mlx5_uninit_one+0xa2/0x130 [mlx5_core]\\n remove_one+0x78/0xd0 [mlx5_core]\\n pci_device_remove+0x39/0xa0\\n device_release_driver_internal+0x194/0x1f0\\n unbind_store+0x99/0xa0\\n kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12e/0x1e0\\n vfs_write+0x215/0x3d0\\n ksys_write+0x5f/0xd0\\n do_syscall_64+0x53/0x1f0\\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.1.164\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.118\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.60\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.17.10\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.18\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.14\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-05-11T21:45:43.019Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-40251\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-06-11T18:44:10.307Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-04-16T07:20:57.181Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-12-04T16:08:13.710Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

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Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.


Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.