Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-444
AllowedInconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
613 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-69224 (GCVE-0-2025-69224)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-05 22:35 – Updated: 2026-01-06 19:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AIOHTTP's Unicode processing of header values could cause parsing discrepancies
Summary
AIOHTTP is an asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio and Python. Versions 3.13.2 and below of the Python HTTP parser may allow a request smuggling attack with the presence of non-ASCII characters. If a pure Python version of AIOHTTP is installed (i.e. without the usual C extensions) or AIOHTTP_NO_EXTENSIONS is enabled, then an attacker may be able to execute a request smuggling attack to bypass certain firewalls or proxy protections. This issue is fixed in version 3.13.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-06 14:25 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/commit/32677f… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-65114 (GCVE-0-2025-65114)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-02 15:55 – Updated: 2026-04-02 18:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Traffic Server: Malformed chunked message body allows request smuggling
Summary
Apache Traffic Server allows request smuggling if chunked messages are malformed.
This issue affects Apache Traffic Server: from 9.0.0 through 9.2.12, from 10.0.0 through 10.1.1.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 9.2.13 or 10.1.2, which fix the issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-02 18:09 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/2s11roxlv1j8ph6q5… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Traffic Server |
Affected:
9.0.0 , ≤ 9.2.12
(semver)
Affected: 10.0.0 , ≤ 10.1.1 (semver) |
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CVE-2025-59822 (GCVE-0-2025-59822)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-23 18:54 – Updated: 2025-09-23 19:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Http4s vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to improper handling of HTTP trailer section
Summary
Http4s is a Scala interface for HTTP services. In versions from 1.0.0-M1 to before 1.0.0-M45 and before 0.23.31, http4s is vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to improper handling of HTTP trailer section. This vulnerability could enable attackers to bypass front-end servers security controls, launch targeted attacks against active users, and poison web caches. A pre-requisite for exploitation involves the web application being deployed behind a reverse-proxy that forwards trailer headers. This issue has been patched in versions 1.0.0-M45 and 0.23.31.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-23 19:15 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/http4s/http4s/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/http4s/http4s/commit/dd518f7c9… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-58068 (GCVE-0-2025-58068)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-29 21:12 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Eventlet affected by HTTP request smuggling in unparsed trailers
Summary
Eventlet is a concurrent networking library for Python. Prior to version 0.40.3, the Eventlet WSGI parser is vulnerable to HTTP Request Smuggling due to improper handling of HTTP trailer sections. This vulnerability could enable attackers to, bypass front-end security controls, launch targeted attacks against active site users, and poison web caches. This problem has been patched in Eventlet 0.40.3 by dropping trailers which is a breaking change if a backend behind eventlet.wsgi proxy requires trailers. A workaround involves not using eventlet.wsgi facing untrusted clients.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-02 13:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/eventlet/eventlet/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/eventlet/eventlet/pull/1062 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/eventlet/eventlet/commit/0bfeb… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025… |
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CVE-2025-58056 (GCVE-0-2025-58056)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-03 20:56 – Updated: 2025-09-05 18:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Netty is vulnerable to request smuggling due to incorrect parsing of chunk extensions
Summary
Netty is an asynchronous event-driven network application framework for development of maintainable high performance protocol servers and clients. In versions 4.1.124.Final, and 4.2.0.Alpha3 through 4.2.4.Final, Netty incorrectly accepts standalone newline characters (LF) as a chunk-size line terminator, regardless of a preceding carriage return (CR), instead of requiring CRLF per HTTP/1.1 standards. When combined with reverse proxies that parse LF differently (treating it as part of the chunk extension), attackers can craft requests that the proxy sees as one request but Netty processes as two, enabling request smuggling attacks. This is fixed in versions 4.1.125.Final and 4.2.5.Final.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-04 19:09 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/JLLeitschuh/unCVEed/issues/1 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/15522 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/15611 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/edb55fd8e0a… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#nam… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://w4ke.info/2025/06/18/funky-chunks.html | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-55315 (GCVE-0-2025-55315)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-14 17:00 – Updated: 2026-02-22 17:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ASP.NET Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Inconsistent interpretation of http requests ('http request/response smuggling') in ASP.NET Core allows an authorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-28 12:57 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
| https://gist.github.com/N3mes1s/d0897c13ca199e739… | exploit |
| https://andrewlock.net/understanding-the-worst-do… |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | ASP.NET Core 2.3 |
Affected:
2.3 , < 2.3.6
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | ASP.NET Core 8.0 |
Affected:
8.0 , < 8.0.21
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | ASP.NET Core 9.0 |
Affected:
9.0 , < 9.0.10
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 version 17.10 |
Affected:
17.10.0 , < 17.10.20
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 version 17.12 |
Affected:
17.12.0 , < 17.12.13
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 version 17.14 |
Affected:
17.14.0 , < 17.14.17
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-10-14 14:00
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CVE-2025-55018 (GCVE-0-2025-55018)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 15:39 – Updated: 2026-05-12 12:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An inconsistent interpretation of http requests ('http request smuggling') vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.9, FortiOS 7.2 all versions, FortiOS 7.0 all versions, FortiOS 6.4.3 through 6.4.16 may allow an unauthenticated attacker to smuggle an unlogged http request through the firewall policies via a specially crafted header
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-11 14:51 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiOS |
Affected:
7.6.0
Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.9 (semver) Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.13 (semver) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.19 (semver) Affected: 6.4.3 , ≤ 6.4.16 (semver) cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM APE1808 |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-54142 (GCVE-0-2025-54142)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-29 00:00 – Updated: 2025-08-29 14:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Akamai Ghost before 2025-07-21 allows HTTP Request Smuggling via an OPTIONS request that has an entity body, because there can be a subsequent request within the persistent connection between an Akamai proxy server and an origin server, if the origin server violates certain Internet standards.
Severity
4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-29 14:27 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akamai | AkamaiGhost |
Affected:
0 , < 2025-07-21
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:akamai:akamaighost:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-53643 (GCVE-0-2025-53643)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-14 20:17 – Updated: 2025-07-15 19:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AIOHTTP is vulnerable to HTTP Request/Response Smuggling through incorrect parsing of chunked trailer sections
Summary
AIOHTTP is an asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio and Python. Prior to version 3.12.14, the Python parser is vulnerable to a request smuggling vulnerability due to not parsing trailer sections of an HTTP request. If a pure Python version of aiohttp is installed (i.e. without the usual C extensions) or AIOHTTP_NO_EXTENSIONS is enabled, then an attacker may be able to execute a request smuggling attack to bypass certain firewalls or proxy protections. Version 3.12.14 contains a patch for this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-15 14:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2025-52892 (GCVE-0-2025-52892)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-05 00:17 – Updated: 2025-08-05 13:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
EspoCRM is vulnerable to access denial through double slash in URI corrupting router cache
Summary
EspoCRM is a web application with a frontend designed as a single-page application and a REST API backend written in PHP. In versions 9.1.6 and below, if a user loads Espo in the browser with double slashes (e.g https://domain//#Admin) and the webserver does not strip the double slash, it can cause a corrupted Slim router's cache. This will make the instance unusable until there is a completed rebuild. This is fixed in version 9.1.7.
Severity
4.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-05 13:48 UTC
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/espocrm/espocrm/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/espocrm/espocrm/commit/929611f… | x_refsource_MISC |
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Mitigation
Implementation
Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Implementation
Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Implementation
Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.