Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
14260 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-47121 (GCVE-0-2026-47121)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-21 13:53 – Updated: 2026-07-22 14:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sparkle: Binary delta apply intermediate-symlink traversal in malicious .delta
Summary
Sparkle is a software update framework for macOS. Prior to version 2.9.2, `Autoupdate/SUBinaryDeltaApply.m` enforces `relativePath.pathComponents containsObject:@".."` and rejects writes whose immediate parent directory IS itself a symbolic link, but does not detect symlinks deeper in the relative path. `Autoupdate/SPUSparkleDeltaArchive.m`'s `extractItem:` will create symlinks in the destination tree from archive content (no `..` check on the symlink target), and a subsequent `Extract` item targeting `<symlink>/foo/bar` then escapes the destination tree via `fopen(path, "wb")` because the kernel resolves the intermediate symlink during the open call. This is a defense-in-depth issue: exploitation requires a maliciously-crafted `.delta` that passes EdDSA signature verification, i.e. EdDSA private-key compromise. With the AppInstaller running as root for system-domain installs, it gives the holder of a stolen signing key arbitrary file write at root level via the delta-apply path, which is a strictly broader primitive than the "drop-in replacement bundle" install they would otherwise have. Version 2.9.2 contains a patch for the issue.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-22 14:30 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/sparkle-project/Sparkle/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/sparkle-project/Sparkle/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sparkle-project | Sparkle |
Affected:
< 2.9.2
|
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CVE-2026-47118 (GCVE-0-2026-47118)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 14:22 – Updated: 2026-07-14 21:33 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Agent Zero < 1.15 Path Traversal File Read via image_get API
Summary
Agent Zero before version 1.15 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by supplying crafted paths to the image file serving endpoint, which relies solely on an extension allowlist while the path containment check is explicitly disabled. Attackers can request any file with an image extension readable by the process, including files outside the agent workspace, user home directories, and mounted volumes, and can also leverage symlink-based escapes due to the lack of path canonicalization in the path resolution logic.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-28 14:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/agent0ai/agent-zero/issues/1609 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/3clyp50/agent-zero/commit/1f2d… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/agent-zero-p… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3clyp50 | agent-zero |
Affected:
0 , < 1.15
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:agent-zero:agent-zero:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-05-06 00:00
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CVE-2026-47091 (GCVE-0-2026-47091)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-18 19:45 – Updated: 2026-07-14 21:32 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Claude HUD 0.0.12 Path Traversal via transcript_path
Summary
Claude HUD through 0.0.12, patched in commit 234d9aa, contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows attackers to read arbitrary files by supplying an unvalidated transcript_path value via stdin JSON. Attackers can access any file readable by the process and the file metadata is written to a persistent cache file with insufficient permissions, creating a forensic record of accessed paths that survives process exit.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-19 12:54 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jarrodwatts/claude-hud/issues/485 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/jarrodwatts/claude-hud/pull/487 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/jarrodwatts/claude-hud/commit/… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/claude-hud-p… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jarrodwatts | claude-hud |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.0.12
(semver)
Unaffected: 234d9aad919b51326a43bcf90b45ae35c23afc30 (git) |
Date Public
2026-05-18 00:00
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CVE-2026-46724 (GCVE-0-2026-46724)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-19 09:24 – Updated: 2026-06-03 10:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Path Traversal in extension "Faceted Search" (ke_search)
Summary
The file indexer does not normalize the configured directory path. A backend user with permission to edit indexer configurations can index documents from arbitrary locations on the server file system through path traversal sequences.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-19 13:30 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-ext-sa-… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TYPO3 | Extension "Faceted Search" |
Affected:
7.0.0 , < 7.0.1
(semver)
Affected: 6.0.0 , < 6.6.1 (semver) Affected: 5.0.0 , < 5.6.2 (semver) Affected: 0 , < 4.6.7 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-05-19 09:00
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CVE-2026-46703 (GCVE-0-2026-46703)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 22:20 – Updated: 2026-06-11 13:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
BoxLite: Path Traversal Vulnerability in boxlite Leads to Arbitrary File Write on the Host
Summary
Boxlite is a sandbox service that allows users to create lightweight virtual machines (Boxes) and launch OCI containers within them to run untrusted code. Prior to version 0.9.0, Boxlite allows users to specify the OCI image used by containers in the sandbox. However, when processing tar entries in OCI images, Boxlite does not account for the possibility that entries may be symlinks pointing to absolute paths. An attacker can craft a malicious OCI image and distribute it on image hosting platforms such as DockerHub, tricking users into using it. Once a user loads the malicious image, the attacker can write arbitrary content to any path on the host, which can further lead to remote code execution on the host. This issue has been patched in version 0.9.0.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-11 13:44 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/boxlite-ai/boxlite/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/boxlite-ai/boxlite/releases/ta… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| boxlite-ai | boxlite |
Affected:
< 0.9.0
|
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CVE-2026-46671 (GCVE-0-2026-46671)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 15:56 – Updated: 2026-07-20 17:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Rust OneNote File Parser: Path traversal in `Parser::parse_notebook` allows reading files outside the notebook directory
Summary
Rust OneNote File Parser is a parser for Microsoft OneNote files implemented in Rust. Prior to version 1.1.1, a maliciously crafted `.onetoc2` table-of-contents file can cause `Parser::parse_notebook` to open arbitrary files on the host filesystem outside the notebook's directory. The parser reads entry names listed inside the `.onetoc2` and joins them against the notebook's base directory without validating that they are relative paths confined to that directory. The parser will bail out when the target file fails to parse as a OneNote section, so direct content exfiltration through the parser's return value is not practical, though file-existence probing and denial-of-service via large or special files remain possible. Anyone using `onenote_parser` to parse .onetoc2 files received from untrusted sources is affected. Users who only ever parse their own notebooks are not at meaningful risk. The issue is fixed in onenote_parser 1.1.1. The fix rejects absolute paths, parent-directory components, and other invalid path characters in entry names, and additionally canonicalises the resolved path to confirm it stays inside the notebook's base directory. For users who cannot upgrade to 1.1.1, only call `Parser::parse_notebook` on `.onetoc2` files from trusted sources. Alternatively, use `Parser::parse_section` / `Parser::parse_section_buffer` on individual .one files, which do not perform the directory walk.
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-20 17:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/msiemens/onenote.rs/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/msiemens/onenote.rs/commit/c92… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/msiemens/onenote.rs/blob/maste… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/msiemens/onenote.rs/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| msiemens | onenote.rs |
Affected:
< 1.1.1
|
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CVE-2026-46581 (GCVE-0-2026-46581)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 11:09 – Updated: 2026-08-05 14:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
In Eclipse Mojarra versions 2.3 and following, URL handing in `DefaultFaceletFactory` does not properly sanitize and/or block remote URLs, allowing an attacker to specify a URL to a remote Facelet which will be included and processed as part of the normal request, with the privileges of the target server. This could allow access to restricted files such as `WEB-INF/web.xml` or `/etc/passwd`.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 14:37 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eclipse Foundation | Eclipse Mojarra |
Affected:
2.3 , ≤ 5.0
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-46555 (GCVE-0-2026-46555)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 17:06 – Updated: 2026-07-20 17:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WhatsApp MCP: Unauthenticated bridge API allows message sending and arbitrary file exfiltration
Summary
WhatsApp MCP Server is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for WhatsApp, enabling Claude to read and send WhatsApp messages. Prior to version 0.2.1, the `whatsapp-bridge` HTTP API listens on `127.0.0.1:8080` without authentication and without Host header validation, and the `/api/send` endpoint accepts an absolute `media_path` parameter without confining it to a safe directory. Combined, these issues allow any local process running as the same user as the bridge to send WhatsApp messages from the paired account without authorization; the same caller to read arbitrary files readable by the user (e.g. SSH private keys, browser session data, source code, dotfiles) and exfiltrate them as WhatsApp document attachments; and/or a remote attacker to trigger the same operations via DNS rebinding from a webpage the user visits, since no Host header validation is performed. In MCP environments, "local caller" extends beyond processes the user explicitly launched — sibling MCP servers, IDE extensions, and tool-triggered flows running in the user's session can act as the effective caller. This issue is fixed in whatsapp-mcp v0.2.1 and corresponding Docker images / release artifacts. Users should upgrade immediately. The fix introduces bearer token authentication on the bridge HTTP API (configured via environment variable, required on all requests, validated with constant-time comparison); host header allow-list validation to prevent DNS rebinding; and confinement of `media_path` to a configured directory, with rejection of absolute paths outside the root and path traversal sequences. This is a breaking change for clients of the bridge API. For users who cannot immediately upgrade: Stop the bridge, or block loopback access to port 8080, when the bridge is not actively in use; avoid running the bridge alongside untrusted MCP servers, browser extensions, or other untrusted local processes; avoid browsing untrusted sites while the bridge is running (DNS rebinding mitigation); and/or run the bridge under a dedicated user account or in a sandbox/container with no access to sensitive files.
Severity
7.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-20 17:35 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/verygoodplugins/whatsapp-mcp/s… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/verygoodplugins/whatsapp-mcp/b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/verygoodplugins/whatsapp-mcp/r… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| verygoodplugins | whatsapp-mcp |
Affected:
< 0.2.1
|
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CVE-2026-46491 (GCVE-0-2026-46491)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 23:00 – Updated: 2026-06-10 18:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SimpleSAMLphp casserver FileSystemTicketStore path traversal allows out-of-ticket-directory read/unserialize and conditional deletion
Summary
SimpleSAMLphp-casserver is a CAS 1.0 and 2.0 compliant CAS server in the form of a SimpleSAMLphp module. Prior to version 7.0.3, simplesamlphp-module-casserver builds file paths for the file-based CAS ticket store by directly concatenating the configured ticket directory with an attacker-controlled ticket identifier. Public CAS validation/proxy endpoints pass attacker-controlled ticket / pgt query parameters into this store. In deployments using FileSystemTicketStore, a remote attacker can use path traversal sequences such as ../target.serialized to make the CAS server read and unserialize files outside the ticket directory. In the CAS 1.0 validation flow, the same attacker-selected path is also passed to deleteTicket() immediately after getTicket() returns, which can delete the target file when it is readable by the PHP process, deletable under the PHP process filesystem permissions, and unserializes to a value compatible with the ?array return type. This issue has been patched in version 7.0.3.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-10 18:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-mo… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-mo… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp-mo… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| simplesamlphp | simplesamlphp-module-casserver |
Affected:
< 7.0.3
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CVE-2026-46486 (GCVE-0-2026-46486)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-08 18:30 – Updated: 2026-06-08 19:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT): Path Traversal via unsanitized File identifiers in iOS Backup processing
Summary
MVT (Mobile Verification Toolkit) helps with conducting forensics of mobile devices in order to find signs of a potential compromise. Prior to version 2026.5.12, there is a path traversal vulnerability via unsanitized File identifiers in iOS Backup processing. This issue has been patched in version 2026.5.12.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-08 19:51 UTC
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mvt-project/mvt/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/mvt-project/mvt/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| mvt-project | mvt |
Affected:
< 2026.5.12
|
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Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.