Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

15226 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-73155 (GCVE-0-2026-73155)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 07:31 – Updated: 2026-08-11 07:31
VLAI
Title
cti-transmute Missing Authorization Allows Reactions to Private Comments
Summary
Affected versions of cti-transmute allow authenticated users to add or remove emoji reactions on comments without first checking whether those users are authorized to view the target comment. The vulnerable react() handler passed an attacker-controlled comment_id directly to comments_repo.toggle_reaction() after only validating that the ID existed syntactically and that the requested emoji was permitted. Because comment-level visibility was not enforced, a user who could identify the ID of a private or otherwise inaccessible comment could modify reaction state on that comment despite lacking permission to access it. The fix retrieves the target comment, rejects missing or deleted comments, retrieves its associated conversion, and enforces access.can_see_comment(current_user, comment, conversion). Unauthorized requests now receive HTTP 403.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP cti-transmute Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.4.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
🕵️‍♂️ Jeroen Pinoy 🐞 Christian Studer
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eAffected versions of cti-transmute allow authenticated users to add or remove emoji reactions on comments without first checking whether those users are authorized to view the target comment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe vulnerable \u003ccode\u003ereact()\u003c/code\u003e handler passed an attacker-controlled \u003ccode\u003ecomment_id\u003c/code\u003e directly to \u003ccode\u003ecomments_repo.toggle_reaction()\u003c/code\u003e after only validating that the ID existed syntactically and that the requested emoji was permitted. Because comment-level visibility was not enforced, a user who could identify the ID of a private or otherwise inaccessible comment could modify reaction state on that comment despite lacking permission to access it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fix retrieves the target comment, rejects missing or deleted comments, retrieves its associated conversion, and enforces \u003ccode\u003eaccess.can_see_comment(current_user, comment, conversion)\u003c/code\u003e. Unauthorized requests now receive HTTP 403.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e"
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          ],
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            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
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CVE-2026-73140 (GCVE-0-2026-73140)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 07:18 – Updated: 2026-08-11 07:18
VLAI
Title
cti-transmute Evaluation Report Exports Expose Private Comments and Author Information
Summary
Affected versions of cti-transmute fail to apply comment-level access-control rules when generating evaluation report exports. Although normal comment retrieval filters comments according to conversion visibility, comment privacy, ownership, authorship, and administrative privileges, build_evaluation_report() previously included all evaluation comments without applying those rules. Consequently, a user who was authorized to view a conversion could export its evaluation report as Markdown or PDF and obtain private evaluation comments that should only have been visible to the conversion owner, the comment author, or an administrator. The leaked report data also contained the comment author's name. The fix passes the requesting user into the report builder and filters every evaluation comment using the shared access.can_see_comment() authorization function.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP cti-transmute Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.4.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
🕵️‍♂️ Jeroen Pinoy 🐞 Christian Studer
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
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        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-87",
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CVE-2026-72919 (GCVE-0-2026-72919)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 21:44 – Updated: 2026-08-10 21:44
VLAI
Title
Rocket.Chat: Broken Access Control in channels.convertToTeam Allows Unauthorized Conversion of Public Channels into Teams
Summary
Rocket.Chat is an open-source, secure, fully customizable communications platform. Prior to 7.10.14, 8.0.8, 8.1.7, 8.2.7, 8.3.7, 8.4.5, 8.5.2, and 8.6.1, the channels.convertToTeam REST endpoint allows an authenticated registered user with the create-team permission to convert an unrelated public channel by supplying channelName instead of channelId because the edit-room permission is checked only for channelId. This issue is fixed in versions 7.10.14, 8.0.8, 8.1.7, 8.2.7, 8.3.7, 8.4.5, 8.5.2, and 8.6.1.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
RocketChat Rocket.Chat Affected: < 7.10.14
Affected: >= 8.0.0, < 8.0.8
Affected: >= 8.1.0, < 8.1.7
Affected: >= 8.2.0, < 8.2.7
Affected: >= 8.3.0, < 8.3.7
Affected: >= 8.4.0, < 8.4.5
Affected: >= 8.5.0, < 8.5.2
Affected: >= 8.6.0, < 8.6.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "Rocket.Chat",
          "vendor": "RocketChat",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 7.10.14"
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            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.1.0, \u003c 8.1.7"
            },
            {
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            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.3.0, \u003c 8.3.7"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.4.0, \u003c 8.4.5"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.5.0, \u003c 8.5.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.6.0, \u003c 8.6.1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
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          ],
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        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/RocketChat/Rocket.Chat/pull/41206",
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://github.com/RocketChat/Rocket.Chat/pull/41206"
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}

CVE-2026-72918 (GCVE-0-2026-72918)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 21:42 – Updated: 2026-08-10 21:42
VLAI
Title
Rocket.Chat: Insecure implementation of websocket notifications
Summary
Rocket.Chat is an open-source, secure, fully customizable communications platform. Prior to 7.10.14, 8.0.8, 8.1.7, 8.2.7, 8.3.7, 8.4.5, 8.5.2, and 8.6.1, the stream-notify-user stream in the WebSocket protocol allows an authenticated user to write arbitrary notification bodies because the sender is not checked, and the client-side UI can create an ephemeral fake message in another user's currently open chat. This issue is fixed in versions 7.10.14, 8.0.8, 8.1.7, 8.2.7, 8.3.7, 8.4.5, 8.5.2, and 8.6.1.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
RocketChat Rocket.Chat Affected: < 7.10.14
Affected: >= 8.0.0, < 8.0.8
Affected: >= 8.1.0, < 8.1.7
Affected: >= 8.2.0, < 8.2.7
Affected: >= 8.3.0, < 8.3.7
Affected: >= 8.4.0, < 8.4.5
Affected: >= 8.5.0, < 8.5.2
Affected: >= 8.6.0, < 8.6.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "Rocket.Chat",
          "vendor": "RocketChat",
          "versions": [
            {
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              "status": "affected",
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            {
              "status": "affected",
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            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.3.0, \u003c 8.3.7"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.4.0, \u003c 8.4.5"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.5.0, \u003c 8.5.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 8.6.0, \u003c 8.6.1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
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        }
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        {
          "name": "https://github.com/RocketChat/Rocket.Chat/security/advisories/GHSA-27jx-236m-3f5j",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/RocketChat/Rocket.Chat/security/advisories/GHSA-27jx-236m-3f5j"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-27jx-236m-3f5j",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Rocket.Chat: Insecure implementation of websocket notifications"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-72918",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-10T21:42:36.707Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-10T17:57:26.144Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-10T21:42:36.707Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-72910 (GCVE-0-2026-72910)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 20:57 – Updated: 2026-08-10 20:57
VLAI
Title
ERPNext: Unauthorised modification of master data due to missing validation
Summary
ERPNext is a free and open source Enterprise Resource Planning tool. Prior to 15.112.0 and 16.22.0, the merge_account, pause_job_for_doc, trigger_job_for_doc, change_release_date, and update_cost_center functions across erpnext/accounts/doctype/account/account.py, erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_payment_reconciliation/process_payment_reconciliation.py, erpnext/accounts/doctype/purchase_invoice/purchase_invoice.py, and erpnext/accounts/utils.py omit required write permission checks, allowing authenticated limited users to modify protected data beyond their roles. This issue is fixed in versions 15.112.0 and 16.22.0.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
frappe erpnext Affected: < 15.112.0
Affected: >= 16.0.0, < 16.22.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "erpnext",
          "vendor": "frappe",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 15.112.0"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
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            }
          ]
        }
      ],
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        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 7.1,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
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          }
        }
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        {
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              "description": "CWE-862: Missing Authorization",
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              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
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          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/frappe/erpnext/security/advisories/GHSA-qpvh-75wh-j645"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/frappe/erpnext/pull/55709",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
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        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/frappe/erpnext/commit/2ae6451f10926bd12b6ce6c7dc40f08da83f2460",
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            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/frappe/erpnext/commit/2ae6451f10926bd12b6ce6c7dc40f08da83f2460"
        },
        {
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          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
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        },
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          ],
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        },
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        },
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          "tags": [
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          ],
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        }
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        "advisory": "GHSA-qpvh-75wh-j645",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "ERPNext: Unauthorised modification of master data due to missing validation"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
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  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}

CVE-2026-72906 (GCVE-0-2026-72906)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 20:47 – Updated: 2026-08-10 20:47
VLAI
Title
ERPNext: Unauthorised triggering of automated emails due to missing validation
Summary
ERPNext is a free and open source Enterprise Resource Planning tool. Prior to 15.111.0 and 16.22.0, the send_auto_email function in erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_statement_of_accounts/process_statement_of_accounts.py lacks a Process Statement Of Accounts permission check, allowing an authenticated low-privilege user to trigger automated emails outside the permitted role. This issue is fixed in versions 15.111.0 and 16.22.0.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
frappe erpnext Affected: < 15.111.0
Affected: >= 16.0.0, < 16.22.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "erpnext",
          "vendor": "frappe",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 15.111.0"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 16.0.0, \u003c 16.22.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
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        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 4.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
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            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
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          }
        }
      ],
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        {
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            {
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              "description": "CWE-862: Missing Authorization",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-10T20:47:39.959Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
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      },
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          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/frappe/erpnext/security/advisories/GHSA-3x6c-gc4v-f5v8"
        },
        {
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          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
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        },
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        },
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        },
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      },
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    }
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-10T20:47:39.959Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-72900 (GCVE-0-2026-72900)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 17:56 – Updated: 2026-08-10 20:04
VLAI
Title
Metabase information exposure
Summary
Metabase allows an authenticated, low-privileged attacker to read the entire Metabase application database.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Metabase Metabase Affected: x.58.0 , < x.58.24 (custom)
Unaffected: x.58.24
Affected: x.59.0 , < x.59.21 (custom)
Unaffected: x.59.21
Affected: x.60.0 , < x.60.17 (custom)
Unaffected: x.60.17
Affected: x.61.0 , < x.61.11 (custom)
Unaffected: x.61.11
Affected: x.62.0 , < x.62.9 (custom)
Unaffected: x.62.9
Affected: x.63.0 , < x.63.5 (custom)
Unaffected: x.63.5
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-06 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-72900",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
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                  },
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                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-10T20:04:25.578746Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
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          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
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          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
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          "product": "Metabase",
          "vendor": "Metabase",
          "versions": [
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              "status": "affected",
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              "status": "affected",
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              "version": "x.60.17"
            },
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              "versionType": "custom"
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              "versionType": "custom"
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            },
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            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
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        },
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          "name": "url",
          "tags": [
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        },
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "cisa-cg",
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  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}

CVE-2026-72883 (GCVE-0-2026-72883)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 19:28 – Updated: 2026-08-10 19:28
VLAI
Title
Dokploy: WebSocket Terminal Missing Service-Level Access Control
Summary
Dokploy is a free, self-hostable Platform as a Service (PaaS). Prior to 0.29.13, the WebSocket handlers in apps/dokploy/server/wss/terminal.ts, apps/dokploy/server/wss/docker-container-terminal.ts, apps/dokploy/server/wss/docker-container-logs.ts, and apps/dokploy/server/wss/docker-stats.ts validate organization membership but do not enforce checkServiceAccess, accessedServerIds, or accessedServices, allowing an authenticated organization member to obtain root terminal access and read logs or statistics for restricted servers and services. This issue is fixed in version 0.29.13.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dokploy dokploy Affected: < 0.29.13
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "dokploy",
          "vendor": "Dokploy",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 0.29.13"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
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        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
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          }
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      ],
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        {
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              "description": "CWE-862: Missing Authorization",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
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CVE-2026-72876 (GCVE-0-2026-72876)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 19:00 – Updated: 2026-08-10 19:50
VLAI
Title
Dokploy: Cross-organization IDOR leads to root RCE on another tenant's server via swarm.*
Summary
Dokploy is a free, self-hostable Platform as a Service (PaaS). Prior to 0.29.13, swarm.getNodes, swarm.getNodeInfo, swarm.getNodeApps, and swarm.getAppInfos in apps/dokploy/server/api/routers/swarm.ts accept another organization’s serverId without an activeOrganizationId ownership check, and getNodeInfo in packages/server/src/services/docker.ts interpolates nodeId into execAsyncRemote, allowing a caller with server:read permission to execute arbitrary commands as the configured SSH user on another tenant’s server. This issue is fixed in version 0.29.13.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dokploy dokploy Affected: < 0.29.13
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-72868 (GCVE-0-2026-72868)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 18:39 – Updated: 2026-08-10 18:39
VLAI
Title
Dokploy: Member-role RCE as host root via destination.testConnection rclone shell injection
Summary
Dokploy is a free, self-hostable Platform as a Service (PaaS). Prior to 0.29.13, apps/dokploy/server/api/routers/destination.ts interpolates the accessKey, secretAccessKey, region, endpoint, provider, and bucket fields from destination.testConnection into an rclone ls command executed through child_process.exec. The `withPermission("destination", "create")` path permits a low-privileged organization member to reach the mutation, close a quoted argument with a crafted field, and execute arbitrary commands in the root Dokploy container, which has access to the host Docker socket. This issue is fixed in version 0.29.13.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dokploy dokploy Affected: < 0.29.13
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.

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