Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-285
Weakness DiscouragedImproper Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Property: Improper
- Behavior-Type: Authorization
Mapping guidance
CWE-285 is high-level and lower-level CWEs can frequently be used instead. It is a level-1 Class (i.e., a child of a Pillar).
Look at CWE-285's children and descendants.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Implementation
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
A developer may introduce authorization weaknesses because of a lack of understanding about the underlying technologies. For example, a developer may assume that attackers cannot modify certain inputs such as headers or cookies.
Architecture and Design
Authorization weaknesses may arise when a single-user application is ported to a multi-user environment.
Operation
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis is useful for detecting commonly-used idioms for authorization. A tool may be able to analyze related configuration files, such as .htaccess in Apache web servers, or detect the usage of commonly-used authorization libraries.
Generally, automated static analysis tools have difficulty detecting custom authorization schemes. In addition, the software's design may include some functionality that is accessible to any user and does not require an authorization check; an automated technique that detects the absence of authorization may report false positives.
Effectiveness: Limited
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Automated dynamic analysis may find many or all possible interfaces that do not require authorization, but manual analysis is required to determine if the lack of authorization violates business logic
Manual Analysis
This weakness can be detected using tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session.
Specifically, manual static analysis is useful for evaluating the correctness of custom authorization mechanisms.
Effectiveness: Moderate
These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules. However, manual efforts might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints.
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Host Application Interface Scanner
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Forced Path Execution
Monitored Virtual Environment - run potentially malicious code in sandbox / wrapper / virtual machine, see if it does anything suspicious
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Terminology
Assuming a user with a given identity, authorization is the process of determining whether that user can access a given resource, based on the user's privileges and any permissions or other access-control specifications that apply to the resource.
Content history
Submission: 7 Pernicious Kingdoms
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Modification: Eric Dalci
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
updated Time_of_Introduction
Modification:
· Veracode
· 2008-08-15
· CWE 1.0
Suggested OWASP Top Ten 2004 mapping
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-01-12
· CWE 1.2
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Name, Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-03-10
· CWE 1.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-05-27
· CWE 1.4
updated Description, Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-07-27
· CWE 1.5
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-10-29
· CWE 1.6
updated Type
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-12-28
· CWE 1.7
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Modes_of_Introduction, Observed_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Alternate_Terms, Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-04-05
· CWE 1.8.1
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Common_Consequences, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-09-27
· CWE 1.10
updated Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-24
· CWE 1.12
Changed name and description; clarified difference between "access control" and "authorization."
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-29
· CWE 1.12
updated Background_Details, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Name, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences, Observed_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-10-30
· CWE 2.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-07-17
· CWE 2.5
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2015-12-07
· CWE 2.9
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Applicable_Platforms, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2018-03-27
· CWE 3.1
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Alternate_Terms
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-07-20
· CWE 4.5
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-04-28
· CWE 4.7
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-09-09
· CWE 4.18
updated Detection_Factors, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Relationships, Terminology_Notes, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-04-30
· CWE 4.20
updated Mapping_Notes, Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Dimensions, References, Relationships
2898 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-123677 (GCVE-0-2026-123677)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-06 15:45 – Updated: 2026-11-06 16:44 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
xxyopen/201206030 novel Book Chapter Read BookServiceImpl.java getBookChapter authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was found in xxyopen/201206030 novel up to 3.5.0. Affected is the function getBookChapter of the file src/main/java/io/github/xxyopen/novel/service/impl/BookServiceImpl.java of the component Book Chapter Read Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument chapterId results in authorization bypass. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The patch is named b8134e774820e0971fa9d8074405b49a01c99bdc. It is suggested to install a patch to address this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-06 16:44 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431794 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431794/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123677 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033604 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/201206030/novel/pull/51 | exploitissue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/201206030/novel/commit/b8134e7… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xxyopen | novel |
Affected:
3.0
Affected: 3.1 Affected: 3.2 Affected: 3.3 Affected: 3.4 Affected: 3.5.0 cpe:2.3:a:xxyopen:novel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| 201206030 | novel |
Affected:
3.0
Affected: 3.1 Affected: 3.2 Affected: 3.3 Affected: 3.4 Affected: 3.5.0 cpe:2.3:a:201206030:novel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-123676 (GCVE-0-2026-123676)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-06 15:30 – Updated: 2026-11-06 15:30 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
xxyopen/201206030 novel Book Content Service BookServiceImpl.java BookServiceImpl.getBookContentAbout improper authorization
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in xxyopen/201206030 novel up to 3.5.0. This impacts the function BookServiceImpl.getBookContentAbout of the file src/main/java/io/github/xxyopen/novel/service/impl/BookServiceImpl.java of the component Book Content Service. Such manipulation of the argument chapterId leads to improper authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The name of the patch is 966c4bdde3521dc0a165d15a2acff66ee33eaaa7. Applying a patch is advised to resolve this issue.
Severity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431793 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431793/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123676 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033603 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/201206030/novel/pull/52 | exploitissue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/201206030/novel/commit/966c4bd… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xxyopen | novel |
Affected:
3.0
Affected: 3.1 Affected: 3.2 Affected: 3.3 Affected: 3.4 Affected: 3.5.0 cpe:2.3:a:xxyopen:novel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| 201206030 | novel |
Affected:
3.0
Affected: 3.1 Affected: 3.2 Affected: 3.3 Affected: 3.4 Affected: 3.5.0 cpe:2.3:a:201206030:novel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-123664 (GCVE-0-2026-123664)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-06 14:30 – Updated: 2026-11-06 14:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
nasa-gcn gcn.nasa.gov Email Notification email improper authorization
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in nasa-gcn gcn.nasa.gov up to b299b562af665878964b981a459f0a9c04b11adf. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /user/email of the component Email Notification Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument Recipient results in improper authorization. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. This product adopts a rolling release strategy to maintain continuous delivery. Therefore, version details for affected or updated releases cannot be specified. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
Severity
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431788 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431788/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123664 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033135 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/nasa-gcn/gcn.nasa.gov/issues/3805 | exploitgovernment-resourceissue-tracking |
| https://https:/github.com/nasa-gcn/gcn.nasa.gov/p… | broken-linkgovernment-resourceissue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/nasa-gcn/gcn.nasa.gov/ | government-resourceproduct |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nasa-gcn | gcn.nasa.gov |
Affected:
b299b562af665878964b981a459f0a9c04b11adf
cpe:2.3:a:nasa-gcn:gcn.nasa.gov:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-123023 (GCVE-0-2026-123023)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 13:30 – Updated: 2026-11-05 16:28 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
agentscope-ai AgentScope Bash Tool _bash.py check_permissions authorization
Summary
A flaw has been found in agentscope-ai AgentScope up to 2.0.8. This affects the function check_permissions of the file src/agentscope/tool/_builtin/_bash.py of the component Bash Tool. This manipulation causes incorrect authorization. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been published and may be used. Upgrading to version 2.0.9 mitigates this issue. Patch name: 6b43b13a46401e86abd3defeed9a8bfe5b37bc6d. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 16:27 UTC
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431396 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431396/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123023 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033131 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/issues/3313 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/pull/2629 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/ybyu-ieu/agent-security-adviso… | exploit |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/commi… | patch |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/relea… | patch |
| https://github.com/agentscope-ai/agentscope/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| agentscope-ai | AgentScope |
Affected:
2.0.0
Affected: 2.0.1 Affected: 2.0.2 Affected: 2.0.3 Affected: 2.0.4 Affected: 2.0.5 Affected: 2.0.6 Affected: 2.0.7 Affected: 2.0.8 Unaffected: 2.0.9 cpe:2.3:a:agentscope-ai:agentscope:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-122019 (GCVE-0-2026-122019)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 21:45 – Updated: 2026-11-04 21:45
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
6amTech 6valley Social Login Flow existing-account-check existingAccountCheck authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in 6amTech 6valley 16.0. Impacted is the function existingAccountCheck of the file /api/v1/auth/existing-account-check of the component Social Login Flow. Such manipulation of the argument user_response leads to authorization bypass. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431085 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/431085/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-122019 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1024992 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/oscar2744/CVE-Submit/issues/3 | exploitissue-tracking |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-121585 (GCVE-0-2026-121585)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 23:30 – Updated: 2026-11-07 03:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
InfiniFlow RAGFlow Text To SQL Retrieval sql.go RunSQL authorization
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in InfiniFlow RAGFlow up to 0.27.2/1.0.0-rc2. This impacts the function RunSQL of the file internal/engine/infinity/sql.go of the component Text To SQL Retrieval. The manipulation of the argument tableName/kbIDs results in authorization bypass. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-07 03:39 UTC
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430429 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430429/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121585 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1020561 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/infiniflow/ragflow/issues/15123 | broken-linkissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/infiniflow/ragflow/pull/15124 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/ZSH402/RAGFlow-Cross-Tenant-Read | exploit |
| https://github.com/infiniflow/ragflow/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| InfiniFlow | RAGFlow |
Affected:
0.27.0
Affected: 0.27.1 Affected: 0.27.2 Affected: 1.0.0-rc1 Affected: 1.0.0-rc2 cpe:2.3:a:infiniflow:ragflow:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-121583 (GCVE-0-2026-121583)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 23:15 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sanluan PublicCMS TradePaymentService.java TradePaymentService.pendingRefund authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in Sanluan PublicCMS 5. This affects the function TradePaymentService.pendingRefund of the file publiccms-parent/publiccms-trade/src/main/java/com/publiccms/logic/service/trade/TradePaymentService.java. The manipulation of the argument userId leads to authorization bypass. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The web trade payment controller was removed starting with the 202608 series (commit 7329437).
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:58 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430428 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430428/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121583 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1020265 | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-121582 (GCVE-0-2026-121582)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 23:00 – Updated: 2026-11-03 23:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Umami Record API Endpoint route.ts authorization
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Umami up to 3.4.1. Impacted is an unknown function of the file src/app/api/record/route.ts of the component Record API Endpoint. Such manipulation of the argument Website leads to authorization bypass. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430425 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430425/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121582 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1019998 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/waterhunter2000-svg/vulnerabil… | related |
| https://github.com/umami-software/umami/security/… | broken-link |
| https://github.com/waterhunter2000-svg/vulnerabil… | exploit |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-120319 (GCVE-0-2026-120319)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-02 01:15 – Updated: 2026-11-05 15:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Sanluan PublicCMS publiccms-trade TradeRefundService.java TradeRefundService.updateAmound authorization
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Sanluan PublicCMS 4.x/5.x/6.x. This affects the function TradeRefundService.updateAmound of the file publiccms-parent/publiccms-trade/src/main/java/com/publiccms/logic/service/trade/TradeRefundService.java of the component publiccms-trade. Performing a manipulation of the argument refundId results in authorization bypass. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-05 15:58 UTC
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429652 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429652/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-120319 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1016201 | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-120224 (GCVE-0-2026-120224)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-01 10:15 – Updated: 2026-11-02 14:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Oray Pugongying X5 Pro API Authorization run_async_task improper authorization
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in Oray Pugongying X5 Pro up to 7.6.1. Affected is the function run_apis_by_json/run_async_task of the component API Authorization. The manipulation results in improper authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 14:20 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429583 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/429583/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-120224 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1007541 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1007542 | third-party-advisory |
| https://app.notion.com/p/Oray-Pgyer-X5-Pro-Router… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oray | Pugongying X5 Pro |
Affected:
7.6.0
Affected: 7.6.1 cpe:2.3:a:oray:pugongying_x5_pro:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Installation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens
In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.
CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security
An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing
This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.
{'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.