Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-601

Allowed

URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.

2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2025-49325 (GCVE-0-2025-49325)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 12:53 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:13
VLAI
Title
WordPress Newspack Newsletters plugin <= 3.13.0 - Open Redirection Vulnerability
Summary
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Automattic Newspack Newsletters newspack-newsletters allows Phishing.This issue affects Newspack Newsletters: from n/a through <= 3.13.0.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Automattic Newspack Newsletters Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.13.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-01 16:41
Credits
Hiro (Code016Hiro) | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-48936 (GCVE-0-2025-48936)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-30 06:30 – Updated: 2025-05-30 13:06
VLAI
Title
ZITADEL Allows Account Takeover via Malicious X-Forwarded-Proto Header Injection
Summary
Zitadel is open-source identity infrastructure software. Prior to versions 2.70.12, 2.71.10, and 3.2.2, a potential vulnerability exists in the password reset mechanism. ZITADEL utilizes the Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host header from incoming requests to construct the URL for the password reset confirmation link. This link, containing a secret code, is then emailed to the user. If an attacker can manipulate these headers (e.g., via host header injection), they could cause ZITADEL to generate a password reset link pointing to a malicious domain controlled by the attacker. If the user clicks this manipulated link in the email, the secret reset code embedded in the URL can be captured by the attacker. This captured code could then be used to reset the user's password and gain unauthorized access to their account. This specific attack vector is mitigated for accounts that have Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) or Passwordless authentication enabled. This issue has been patched in versions 2.70.12, 2.71.10, and 3.2.2.
Severity
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
zitadel zitadel Affected: < 2.70.12
Affected: >= 2.71.0, <= 2.71.10
Affected: >= 3.0.0-rc1, < 3.2.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-47890 (GCVE-0-2025-47890)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-14 15:22 – Updated: 2026-07-14 12:43
VLAI
Summary
An URL Redirection to Untrusted Site vulnerabilities [CWE-601] vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2 all versions, FortiOS 7.0 all versions, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiProxy 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiProxy 7.4 all versions, FortiProxy 7.2 all versions, FortiProxy 7.0 all versions, FortiSASE 25.2.a may allow an unauthenticated attacker to perform an open redirect attack via crafted HTTP requests.
Severity
2.5 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - Improper access control
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Fortinet FortiOS Affected: 7.6.0 , ≤ 7.6.2 (semver)
Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.8 (semver)
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.13 (semver)
Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.19 (semver)
Affected: 6.4.0 , ≤ 6.4.16 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Fortinet FortiProxy Affected: 7.6.0 , ≤ 7.6.3 (semver)
Affected: 7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.14 (semver)
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.16 (semver)
Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.23 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.23:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.22:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.21:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Fortinet FortiSASE Affected: 25.2.a
    cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisase:25.2.a:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
 Create a notification for this product.
Siemens RUGGEDCOM APE1808 Affected: 0 , < * (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
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          {
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                "id": "CVE-2025-47890",
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          "value": "An URL Redirection to Untrusted Site vulnerabilities [CWE-601] vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2 all versions, FortiOS 7.0 all versions, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiProxy 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiProxy 7.4 all versions, FortiProxy 7.2 all versions, FortiProxy 7.0 all versions, FortiSASE 25.2.a may allow an unauthenticated attacker to perform an open redirect attack via crafted HTTP requests."
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      ],
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        {
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            "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
            "attackVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
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            "baseScore": 2.5,
            "baseSeverity": "LOW",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
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            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C",
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          "url": "https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-24-542"
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          "value": "Upgrade to FortiOS version 7.6.4 or above\nUpgrade to FortiOS version 7.4.9 or above\nFortinet remediated this issue in FortiSASE version 25.3.b and hence customers do not need to perform any action.\nUpgrade to FortiProxy version 7.6.4 or above"
        }
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    "datePublished": "2025-10-14T15:22:50.356Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-05-13T12:23:23.436Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T12:43:30.552Z",
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}

CVE-2025-47789 (GCVE-0-2025-47789)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-15 19:50 – Updated: 2025-05-16 14:51
VLAI
Title
Horilla Open Redirect Vulnerability in Login
Summary
Horilla is a free and open source Human Resource Management System (HRMS). In versions up to and including 1.3, an attacker can craft a Horilla URL that refers to an external domain. Upon clicking and logging in, the user is redirected to an external domain. This allows the redirection to any arbitrary site, including phishing or malicious domains, which can be used to impersonate Horilla and trick users. Commit 1c72404df6888bb23af73c767fdaee5e6679ebd6 fixes the issue.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-47644 (GCVE-0-2025-47644)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-07 14:20 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:12
VLAI
Title
WordPress Integrations of Zoho CRM with Elementor form plugin <= 1.0.8 - Open Redirection Vulnerability
Summary
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in formsintegrations Integrations of Zoho CRM with Elementor form integrations-of-zoho-crm-with-elementor-form allows Phishing.This issue affects Integrations of Zoho CRM with Elementor form: from n/a through <= 1.0.8.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-04-01 16:40
Credits
Nguyen Xuan Chien | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-47456 (GCVE-0-2025-47456)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-07 14:19 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:12
VLAI
Title
WordPress WP Gravity Forms Zendesk plugin <= 1.1.2 - Open Redirection Vulnerability
Summary
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Zendesk gf-zendesk allows Phishing.This issue affects WP Gravity Forms Zendesk: from n/a through <= 1.1.2.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Zendesk Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.1.2 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-01 16:39
Credits
Nguyen Xuan Chien | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-47455 (GCVE-0-2025-47455)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-07 14:19 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:12
VLAI
Title
WordPress Integration for WooCommerce and Salesforce plugin <= 1.7.5 - Open Redirection Vulnerability
Summary
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks Integration for WooCommerce and Salesforce woo-salesforce-plugin-crm-perks allows Phishing.This issue affects Integration for WooCommerce and Salesforce: from n/a through <= 1.7.5.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-04-01 16:39
Credits
Nguyen Xuan Chien | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-47454 (GCVE-0-2025-47454)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-07 14:19 – Updated: 2026-04-28 16:12
VLAI
Title
WordPress WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM plugin <= 1.1.4 - Open Redirection Vulnerability
Summary
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM gf-dynamics-crm allows Phishing.This issue affects WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM: from n/a through <= 1.1.4.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.1.4 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-01 16:39
Credits
Nguyen Xuan Chien | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-46826 (GCVE-0-2025-46826)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-07 21:32 – Updated: 2025-05-08 13:42
VLAI
Title
insa-auth Open-Redirect on provided CAS server login endpoint
Summary
insa-auth is an authentication server for INSA Rouen. A minor issue allowed third-party websites to access the server's secondary authentication bridge, potentially revealing basic student information (name and number). However, the issue posed minimal risk, was never exploited, and had limited impact. A fix was implemented promptly on May 3, 2025.
Severity
1.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U/S:N/AU:Y/R:A/V:D/RE:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
INSAgenda insa-auth Affected: < 2025-05-03
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-46553 (GCVE-0-2025-46553)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-05 18:28 – Updated: 2025-05-05 18:50
VLAI
Title
@misskey-dev/summaly Redirect Filter Bypass
Summary
@misskey-dev/summaly is a tool for getting a summary of a web page. Starting in version 3.0.1 and prior to version 5.2.1, a logic error in the main `summaly` function causes the `allowRedirects` option to never be passed to any plugins, and as a result, isn't enforced. Misskey will follow redirects, despite explicitly requesting not to. Version 5.2.1 contains a patch for the issue.
Severity
2.1 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
  • CWE-665 - Improper Initialization
  • CWE-669 - Incorrect Resource Transfer Between Spheres
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
misskey-dev summaly Affected: >= 3.0.1, < 5.2.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.

Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).

Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
  • Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing

An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.

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