Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-345
Weakness DiscouragedInsufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Verification
- Behavior-Property: Insufficient
- Info-Type: Data
- Info-Property: Authenticity
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is a level-1 Class (i.e., a child of a Pillar). It might have lower-level children that would be more appropriate
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design
Implementation
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Relationship
"origin validation" could fall under this.
Maintenance
The specific ways in which the origin is not properly identified should be laid out as separate weaknesses. In some sense, this is more like a category.
Content history
Submission: PLOVER
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Modification: Eric Dalci
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
updated Time_of_Introduction
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Maintenance_Notes, Relationships, Relationship_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-05-27
· CWE 1.4
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-07-27
· CWE 1.5
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-04-05
· CWE 1.8.1
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-12-13
· CWE 1.11
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-27
· CWE 2.0
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2013-07-17
· CWE 2.5
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2015-12-07
· CWE 2.9
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-05-03
· CWE 2.11
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Applicable_Platforms, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-07-20
· CWE 4.5
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Observed_Examples, References, Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-02-29
· CWE 4.14
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Dimensions, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
1388 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-123599 (GCVE-0-2026-123599)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:38 – Updated: 2026-11-08 01:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hickory DNS before 0.26.0-beta.1 DNSSEC Validation Bypass via Non-IN Class Records
Summary
Hickory DNS hickory-proto before 0.26.0-beta.1 and hickory-net before 0.26.2 contain a DNSSEC validation bypass because verify_rrsets() ignores DNS class when partitioning RRsets, so non-IN records skip signature verification yet are marked secure when the IN records verify. Attackers able to supply DNS responses can include forged CH or HS class records, including DS records, to authenticate any DNSKEY and forge child zone responses.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hickory-dns/hickory-dns/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hickory-dns-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0 , < 0.26.0-beta.1
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.0-beta.1 (semver) |
|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.26.0-beta.1 , < 0.26.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.2 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-123596 (GCVE-0-2026-123596)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:38 – Updated: 2026-11-08 01:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hickory DNS through 0.26.0-alpha.1 DNSSEC Validation Bypass via Ancestor-Delegation NSEC
Summary
Hickory DNS hickory-proto through 0.26.0-alpha.1 and hickory-net 0.26.0-beta.1 before 0.26.2 contain a DNSSEC validation flaw in the validating recursor's NSEC handler that accepts parent-side ancestor-delegation NSEC records as proof of nonexistence for names below the zone cut. An on-path attacker, rogue parent nameserver, or attacker winning a port and TXID race can deliver one forged NXDOMAIN response built from genuinely signed parent NSEC records, causing authenticated denial of existing child-zone names cached for the negative TTL.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hickory-dns/hickory-dns/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hickory-dns-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.26.0-alpha.1
(semver)
|
|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.26.0-beta.1 , < 0.26.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.2 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-123595 (GCVE-0-2026-123595)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:38 – Updated: 2026-11-08 01:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hickory DNS through 0.26.0-alpha.1 DNSSEC Validation Bypass via Ancestor-Delegation NSEC3
Summary
Hickory DNS hickory-proto 0.25 through 0.26.0-alpha.1 and hickory-net 0.26.0-beta.1 before 0.26.2 contain a DNSSEC validation flaw in the validating recursor's NSEC3 handler, which matches the closest encloser by hash alone without checking the type bitmap and so accepts parent-side ancestor-delegation NSEC3 records as proof of nonexistence. An attacker who delivers one response built from genuinely signed parent NSEC3 records can cause NXDOMAIN or NODATA to be cached with AD=1, denying resolution of existing names at and below the zone cut.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hickory-dns/hickory-dns/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hickory-dns-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.25 , ≤ 0.26.0-alpha.1
(custom)
|
|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.26.0-beta.1 , < 0.26.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.2 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-123594 (GCVE-0-2026-123594)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:38 – Updated: 2026-11-08 01:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hickory DNS through 0.26.0-alpha.1 DNSSEC NSEC Validation Bypass for Empty Non-Terminals
Summary
Hickory DNS hickory-proto through 0.26.0-alpha.1 and hickory-net 0.26.0-beta.1 before 0.26.2 contain an NSEC validation flaw that returns a secure proof for NXDOMAIN responses when the covering NSEC's Next Domain Name is a strict descendant of the query name, which actually proves the name exists as an empty non-terminal. On-path attackers can flip the unsigned rcode of a genuine signed NODATA response from NOERROR to NXDOMAIN, causing validators to accept forged nonexistence of the name.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hickory-dns/hickory-dns/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hickory-dns-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.26.0-alpha.1
(semver)
|
|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.26.0-beta.1 , < 0.26.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.2 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-123591 (GCVE-0-2026-123591)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:38 – Updated: 2026-11-08 01:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hickory DNS 0.26.0-beta.1 before 0.26.2 DNSSEC Validation Bypass via Missing RFC 6840 Checks
Summary
Hickory DNS hickory-net 0.26.0-beta.1 before 0.26.2 and hickory-proto through 0.26.0-alpha.1 fail to verify, per RFC 6840 §4.4, that an NSEC or NSEC3 record denying a DS RRset also proves the delegation's NS record exists. Attackers can reuse child-side NSEC or NSEC3 records to fake an insecure delegation and forge child-zone records.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hickory-dns/hickory-dns/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hickory-dns-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.26.0-beta.1 , < 0.26.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.2 (semver) |
|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.26.0-alpha.1
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-123582 (GCVE-0-2026-123582)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:38 – Updated: 2026-11-08 01:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hickory DNS 0.25.0 before 0.26.2 DNSSEC Validation Bypass via SOA Record
Summary
The validating recursive resolver and validating forwarder in Hickory DNS (hickory-server) 0.25.0 before 0.26.2 do not check whether the SOA record passed DNSSEC validation when assembling NXDOMAIN or NODATA responses. An attacker able to supply forged DNS responses can have a forged SOA record returned to clients with the AD bit set, misleading clients that rely on the server's DNSSEC validation.
Severity
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hickory-dns/hickory-dns/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hickory-dns-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.25.0 , < 0.26.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.2 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-123581 (GCVE-0-2026-123581)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:38 – Updated: 2026-11-08 01:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Hickory DNS through 0.26.0-alpha.1 DNSSEC Validation Bypass via Unrelated RRset
Summary
Hickory DNS hickory-proto through 0.26.0-alpha.1 and hickory-net 0.26.0-beta.1 before 0.26.2 contain a DNSSEC validation flaw that accepts a response as a positive answer when any valid RRset appears in the answer section, without checking that the RRset is responsive to the query. Attackers can supply signed but unrelated RRsets so that responses lacking matching records are validated as positive answers instead of as no-data responses.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/hickory-dns/hickory-dns/securi… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/hickory-dns-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 0.26.0-alpha.1
(semver)
|
|
| hickory-dns | hickory-dns |
Affected:
0.26.0-beta.1 , < 0.26.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.26.2 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-09-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-121637 (GCVE-0-2026-121637)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 14:44 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WatchGuard AuthPoint Gateway Improper HMAC Validation in LDAP Authentication Callback Allows Forged Authentication Results
Summary
An improper integrity validation vulnerability in WatchGuard AuthPoint Gateway's LDAP authentication callback allows a network attacker who has obtained a valid header signature to forge the authentication result and transaction identifier in the request body, resulting in unauthorized session outcomes.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 16:38 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://psirt.watchguard.com/CVE-2026-121637 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WatchGuard | AuthPoint Authentication Gateway |
Affected:
1.0 , < 7.6.0
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:watchguard:authpoint_authentication_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-121620 (GCVE-0-2026-121620)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 12:38 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CoopCycle coopcycle-web 5.6.0 before 6.20.0 Missing Zelty Webhook Signature Verification
Summary
CoopCycle coopcycle-web 5.6.0 before 6.20.0 contains a missing authentication vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to forge Zelty webhook events because the x-zelty-hmac-sha256 HMAC signature is never verified. Attackers can POST forged dish, menu, option and order-status events to /api/zelty/webhook/* endpoints to toggle restaurant products and alter order preparation states.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:48 UTC
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/coopcycle/coopcycle-web/commit… | patch |
| https://github.com/coopcycle/coopcycle-web/releas… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/coopcycle/coopcycle-web/blob/v… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/coopcycle/coopcycle-web/blob/v… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/coopcycle-co… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CoopCycle | coopcycle-web |
Affected:
5.6.0 , < 6.20.0
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-11-03 14:28
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CVE-2026-121606 (GCVE-0-2026-121606)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 01:00 – Updated: 2026-11-04 01:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Qihoo 360 D621-2/D603-2/D600-2/D619/D606-6/D706 Firmware Signature Verification iscm verify_sign signature verification
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in Qihoo 360 D621-2, D603-2, D600-2, D619, D606-6 and D706 up to 6.4.9. Affected by this issue is the function verify_sign of the file fs2/bin/iscm of the component Firmware Signature Verification. Such manipulation of the argument sign leads to improper verification of cryptographic signature. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430443 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/430443/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-121606 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1023261 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/gajgdm6-cpu/cf98af20ddb77… | exploit |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qihoo 360 | D621-2 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d621-2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D603-2 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d603-2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D600-2 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d600-2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D619 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d619:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D606-6 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d606-6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Qihoo 360 | D706 |
Affected:
6.4.0
Affected: 6.4.1 Affected: 6.4.2 Affected: 6.4.3 Affected: 6.4.4 Affected: 6.4.5 Affected: 6.4.6 Affected: 6.4.7 Affected: 6.4.8 Affected: 6.4.9 cpe:2.3:a:qihoo_360:d706:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"value": "A vulnerability has been found in Qihoo 360 D621-2, D603-2, D600-2, D619, D606-6 and D706 up to 6.4.9. Affected by this issue is the function verify_sign of the file fs2/bin/iscm of the component Firmware Signature Verification. Such manipulation of the argument sign leads to improper verification of cryptographic signature. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
}
],
"metrics": [
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"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-347",
"description": "Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-345",
"description": "Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity",
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"providerMetadata": {
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"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
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"references": [
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"name": "VDB-430443 | Qihoo 360 D621-2/D603-2/D600-2/D619/D606-6/D706 Firmware Signature Verification iscm verify_sign signature verification",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/430443"
},
{
"name": "VDB-430443 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/430443/cti"
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{
"name": "CVE-2026-121606 | CVE Analysis and Report",
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{
"name": "Submit #1023261 | 360 (Qihoo 360) 360 Smart Camera (IPC) 6.0.24 ~ 6.4.9 Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature",
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/1023261"
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"url": "https://gist.github.com/gajgdm6-cpu/cf98af20ddb77f27a7c112214a6280f7"
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"time": "2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
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"time": "2026-11-03T01:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
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{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-11-03T17:28:58.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
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],
"title": "Qihoo 360 D621-2/D603-2/D600-2/D619/D606-6/D706 Firmware Signature Verification iscm verify_sign signature verification",
"x_generator": [
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"cveMetadata": {
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"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-121606",
"datePublished": "2026-11-04T01:00:26.282Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-11-03T16:23:40.412Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-11-04T01:00:26.282Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.