Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-345

Discouraged

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.

1014 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-68945 (GCVE-0-2026-68945)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 15:58 – Updated: 2026-08-03 16:58
VLAI
Title
Angular: Cache-Key Ambiguity in HttpTransferCache Leading to Cross-Request Response Reuse and State Poisoning
Summary
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 20.3.27, 21.2.19, and 22.0.2, HttpTransferCache comma-joins repeated request parameters, allowing semantically distinct HttpClient requests to use the same transfer-cache key and reuse a wrong backend response. This issue is fixed in versions 20.3.27, 21.2.19, and 22.0.2.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
angular angular Affected: < 20.3.27
Affected: >= 21.0.0-next.0, < 21.2.19
Affected: >= 22.0.0-next.0, < 22.0.2
Create a notification for this product.
@angular common Affected: < 20.3.27
Affected: >= 21.0.0-next.0, < 21.2.19
Affected: >= 22.0.0-next.0, < 22.0.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-67618 (GCVE-0-2026-67618)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-04 14:30 – Updated: 2026-08-04 15:05 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
marimo < 0.23.15 API Key Exfiltration via Malicious Notebook PEP-723 Metadata
Summary
marimo before 0.23.15 contains a configuration injection vulnerability that allows notebook authors to exfiltrate operator API keys by embedding a malicious base_url in PEP-723 inline script metadata, which is merged into session configuration with higher precedence than the operator's own settings due to insufficient sanitization in sanitize_pyproject_dict. When an operator opens the crafted notebook and makes an AI request, marimo resolves the attacker-controlled base_url from the notebook config while falling back to the operator's OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable for authentication, transmitting the API key to the attacker-controlled endpoint without requiring any cell execution.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
marimo-team marimo Affected: 0 , < 0.23.15 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-04 00:00
Credits
Gregory Tan (Grg0rry)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-67307 (GCVE-0-2026-67307)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-01 12:22 – Updated: 2026-08-03 18:35
VLAI
Title
Wazuh before 5.0.0-beta3 Cluster Attribution Spoofing via Inventory Sync
Summary
Wazuh 5.0.0-beta1 (fixed in 5.0.0-beta3) does not validate or override the cluster_name and cluster_node fields in inventory-sync Start FlatBuffer messages, while validating only the agentid against the authenticated agent identity. This allows a low-privileged enrolled agent to spoof cluster attribution in indexed inventory and vulnerability documents by forging wazuh.cluster.name values and influencing the document _id prefix, potentially tampering with inventory records or, in shared-indexer multi-cluster deployments, poisoning another cluster's records when numeric agent IDs collide.
Severity
7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
wazuh wazuh Affected: 0 , < 5.0.0-beta3 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.0.0-beta3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-16 00:00
Credits
nasaa0x
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-65583 (GCVE-0-2026-65583)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 11:23 – Updated: 2026-08-07 00:01
VLAI
Title
Apache CXF: Self-issued ID token claims validation skipped
Summary
Apache CXF’s OIDC relying-party token validation could accept self-issued ID tokens without enforcing required claim checks (issuer/subject/audience/time and sub_jwk binding), enabling authentication bypass with crafted tokens. However, note that self-issued ID tokens are not accepted by default in the validator. Users are recommended to upgrade to versions 4.2.3 or 4.1.8 or 3.6.12, which fixes this issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache CXF Affected: 4.2.0 , < 4.2.3 (semver)
Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.1.8 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 3.6.12 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Guanping Zhang reported this vulnerability.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-63687 (GCVE-0-2026-63687)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-06 11:23 – Updated: 2026-08-07 00:01
VLAI
Title
Apache CXF: JwtRequestCodeFilter silently overrides outer PKCE and nonce parameters
Summary
Apache CXF's JwtRequestCodeFilter copies all claims from a signed request JWT into the authorization parameter map without excluding security-sensitive parameters. A client that can produce a validly-signed request JWT (e.g., one whose client_secret is known or compromised) can thereby substitute the code_challenge, code_challenge_method, nonce, and state values that were set in the outer HTTP request, undermining PKCE integrity and OpenID Connect replay protection. Users are recommended to upgrade to versions 4.2.3 or 4.1.8 or 3.6.12, which fix this issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache CXF Affected: 4.2.0 , < 4.2.3 (semver)
Affected: 4.0.0 , < 4.1.8 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 3.6.12 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Guanping Zhang reported this vulnerability.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-63094 (GCVE-0-2026-63094)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-17 14:22 – Updated: 2026-07-27 17:17 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
SigNoz < 0.134.0 SSO OAuth State Manipulation Session Token Theft
Summary
SigNoz before 0.134.0 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the SSO authentication flow that allows unauthenticated attackers to steal session tokens from any user on instances configured with Google OAuth, SAML, or OIDC. Attackers can call the unauthenticated sessions context endpoint with a ref parameter pointing to an attacker-controlled host, deliver the resulting crafted login URL to a victim, and receive the victim's access and refresh tokens when they complete SSO authentication.
Severity
7.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
8.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SigNoz signoz Affected: 0 , < 0.134.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-16 00:00
Credits
George Chen
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-62995 (GCVE-0-2026-62995)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-29 18:27 – Updated: 2026-07-30 14:32
VLAI
Title
joserfc accepts JWT with padding, leading to JWT malleability
Summary
joserfc is a Python library that provides an implementation of several JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) standards. in versions 1.7.1 and prior, joserfc accepts JWTs with trailing padding (==) which are not conforming to the JOSE specifications. This leads to malleability of the JWTs when consumed by joserfc. Depending on this application this might or not be an issue. This could lead to bypass of token revocation or anti-replay protection when implemented as a deny list of tokens or a deny list of token hashes. Note that ECDSA JWS are always malleable because of the malleability of ECDSA signatures (first test case in the code bellow). This makes a scheme which assumes that JWTs are not malleable brittle. However for other signatures (or MAC) schemes it might make sense to assume non malleability of the token. This issue has been fixed in version 1.7.2.
Severity
2.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
authlib joserfc Affected: < 1.7.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-62215 (GCVE-0-2026-62215)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-17 00:06 – Updated: 2026-07-17 18:06 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.6.5 Authentication Bypass via HTTP Canvas
Summary
OpenClaw versions before 2026.6.5 contain an authentication bypass vulnerability in HTTP Canvas responses that allows lower-trust callers to forge trusted A2UI actions. Attackers can perform actions requiring stronger authorization by submitting crafted requests through configured input paths, bypassing intended policy checks.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N
8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.6.5 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.6.5 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-30 00:00
Credits
jidle (@jidle123)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-59930 (GCVE-0-2026-59930)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 16:13 – Updated: 2026-07-09 13:54
VLAI
Title
Mistune toc / TableOfContents directive: heading IDs use predictable `toc_N` numbering with no slugification, allowing collision with attacker-controlled `id="toc_N"` content
Summary
Mistune is a Python Markdown parser with renderers and plugins. Prior to 3.3.0, the toc plugin and TableOfContents directive generate heading IDs as predictable toc_N values without slugifying the heading text, allowing attacker-controlled id="toc_N" content to collide with generated anchors and redirect same-page navigation, CSS selectors, or JavaScript handlers. This issue is fixed in version 3.3.0.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
  • CWE-1284 - Improper Validation of Specified Quantity in Input
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
lepture mistune Affected: < 3.3.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-59641 (GCVE-0-2026-59641)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 00:54 – Updated: 2026-08-03 13:26
VLAI
Title
S/MIME validator trusts signer-asserted signingTime for path validation
Summary
In Bouncy Castle for Java before 1.85, S/MIME validator trusts signer-asserted signingTime for path validation. This issue also affects Bouncy Castle for Java LTS before 2.73.12, and Bouncy Castle for Java FIPS (BC-FJA) before bcmail-fips and bcjmail-fips 1.0.7 (1.0.X series), 2.0.7 (2.0.X series) and 2.1.7 (2.1.X series).
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/U:Amber
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. BC-JAVA Affected: 0 , < 1.85 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. BC-LTS-JAVA Affected: 2.73.0 , < 2.73.12 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. BC-FJA Affected: 1.0.0 , < 1.0.7 (maven)
Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.0.7 (maven)
Affected: 2.1.0 , < 2.1.7 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. BC-FJA Affected: 1.0.4 , < 1.0.7 (maven)
Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.0.7 (maven)
Affected: 2.1.0 , < 2.1.7 (maven)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Alex Gaynor in collaboration with Claude and Anthropic Research
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eIn Bouncy Castle for Java before 1.85, S/MIME validator trusts signer-asserted signingTime for path validation. This issue also affects Bouncy Castle for Java LTS before 2.73.12, and Bouncy Castle for Java FIPS (BC-FJA) before bcmail-fips and bcjmail-fips 1.0.7 (1.0.X series), 2.0.7 (2.0.X series) and 2.1.7 (2.1.X series).\u003c/p\u003e"
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        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.7,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "providerUrgency": "AMBER",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/U:Amber",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
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            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
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          "format": "CVSS",
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      "problemTypes": [
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          "descriptions": [
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              "cweId": "CWE-345",
              "description": "CWE-345 Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity",
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              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-03T05:04:21.202Z",
        "orgId": "91579145-5d7b-4cc5-b925-a0262ff19630",
        "shortName": "bcorg"
      },
      "references": [
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          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://github.com/bcgit/bc-java/wiki/CVE%E2%80%902026%E2%80%9059641"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/bcgit/bc-java/commit/2f81b22d559b3a1b026388e1ca78dd547384def8"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://github.com/bcgit/bc-java/commit/fd89fe918b37fea1c71e95fae50284a325b09721"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "S/MIME validator trusts signer-asserted signingTime for path validation",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bc release-notes template"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "91579145-5d7b-4cc5-b925-a0262ff19630",
    "assignerShortName": "bcorg",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-59641",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-03T00:54:21.151Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-06T06:58:29.263Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-03T13:26:05.888Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)

An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.

CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning

An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.

CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning

A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.

CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing

An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.

CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages

An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.

CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.

CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation

An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.

CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.

CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content

An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.

CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.

CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)

An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.

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