Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-328
AllowedUse of Weak Hash
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses an algorithm that produces a digest (output value) that does not meet security expectations for a hash function that allows an adversary to reasonably determine the original input (preimage attack), find another input that can produce the same hash (2nd preimage attack), or find multiple inputs that evaluate to the same hash (birthday attack).
149 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-8260 (GCVE-0-2025-8260)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-28 06:02 – Updated: 2026-04-15 07:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Vaelsys VaelsysV4 Web interface vgrid_server.php weak hash
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in Vaelsys VaelsysV4 up to 5.1.0/5.4.0. This affects an unknown part of the file /grid/vgrid_server.php of the component Web interface. Performing a manipulation of the argument xajaxargs results in use of weak hash. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. It is indicated that the exploitability is difficult. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. Upgrading to version 5.1.1 and 5.4.1 is able to mitigate this issue. Upgrading the affected component is recommended.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/317848 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/317848/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/616922 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/waiwai24/0101/blob/main/CVEs/V… | exploit |
| https://vaelsys.github.io/security-advisory/advis… | patch |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2025-3576 (GCVE-0-2025-3576)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-15 05:55 – Updated: 2026-06-30 00:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Krb5: kerberos rc4-hmac-md5 checksum vulnerability enabling message spoofing via md5 collisions
Summary
A vulnerability in the MIT Kerberos implementation allows GSSAPI-protected messages using RC4-HMAC-MD5 to be spoofed due to weaknesses in the MD5 checksum design. If RC4 is preferred over stronger encryption types, an attacker could exploit MD5 collisions to forge message integrity codes. This may lead to unauthorized message tampering.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-328 - Use of Weak Hash
Assigner
References
16 references
Impacted products
30 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Affected:
0 , < 1.22
(semver)
|
|||
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 |
Unaffected:
0:1.21.3-8.el10_0 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10.0 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-32.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:1.17-19.el8_2.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-9.el8_4.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-9.el8_4.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-16.el8_6.4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-16.el8_6.4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-16.el8_6.4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-26.el8_8.5 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:1.18.2-26.el8_8.5 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::baseos cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:1.21.1-8.el9_6 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:1.19.1-16.el9_0.4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.0::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:1.20.1-9.el9_2.3 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:1.21.1-2.el9_4.2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::appstream cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::baseos |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Discovery 2 |
Unaffected:
2.0.0-1752592913 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:discovery:2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4 |
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000RE |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1400 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1500 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1501 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1510 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1511 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1512 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1524 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1536 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM ROX RX5000 |
Affected:
0 , < V2.17.1
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-04-15 00:00
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"orgId": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e",
"shortName": "siemens-SADP"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-577017.html"
}
],
"x_adpType": "supplier"
}
],
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CVE-2025-2920 (GCVE-0-2025-2920)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-28 18:00 – Updated: 2025-03-28 20:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Netis WF-2404 passwd weak hash
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Netis WF-2404 1.1.124EN. It has been rated as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /еtc/passwd. The manipulation leads to use of weak hash. It is possible to launch the attack on the physical device. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.301895 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.301895 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.521037 | third-party-advisory |
| https://scoozi.substack.com/p/hacking-a-netis-wf-… | exploit |
Credits
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CVE-2025-0508 (GCVE-0-2025-0508)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-20 10:11 – Updated: 2025-10-15 12:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MD5 Hash Collision in SageMaker Workflow in aws/sagemaker-python-sdk
Summary
A vulnerability in the SageMaker Workflow component of aws/sagemaker-python-sdk allows for the possibility of MD5 hash collisions in all versions. This can lead to workflows being inadvertently replaced due to the reuse of results from different configurations that produce the same MD5 hash. This issue can cause integrity problems within the pipeline, potentially leading to erroneous processing outcomes.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-328 - Reversible One-Way Hash
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| aws | aws/sagemaker-python-sdk |
Affected:
unspecified , < 4965
(custom)
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CVE-2024-56516 (GCVE-0-2024-56516)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-12-30 16:19 – Updated: 2024-12-30 16:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
free-one-api uses md5 for password storage
Summary
free-one-api allows users to access large language model reverse engineering libraries through the standard OpenAI API format. In versions up to and including 1.0.1, MD5 is used to hash passwords before sending them to the backend. MD5 is a cryptographically broken hashing algorithm and is no longer considered secure for password storage or transmission. It is vulnerable to collision attacks and can be easily cracked using modern hardware, exposing user credentials to potential compromise. As of time of publication, a replacement for MD5 has not been committed to the free-one-api GitHub repository.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-328 - Use of Weak Hash
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/RockChinQ/free-one-api/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/RockChinQ/free-one-api/blob/4d… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| RockChinQ | free-one-api |
Affected:
<= 1.0.1
|
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CVE-2024-56414 (GCVE-0-2024-56414)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-02 15:26 – Updated: 2025-01-02 17:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Web installer integrity check used weak hash algorithm. The following products are affected: Acronis Cyber Protect 16 (Windows) before build 39169.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://security-advisory.acronis.com/advisories/… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acronis | Acronis Cyber Protect 16 |
Affected:
unspecified , < 39169
(semver)
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CVE-2024-55885 (GCVE-0-2024-55885)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-12-12 19:23 – Updated: 2024-12-13 15:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Beego Vulnerable to Collision Hazards of MD5 in Cache Key Filenames
Summary
beego is an open-source web framework for the Go programming language. Versions of beego prior to 2.3.4 use MD5 as a hashing algorithm. MD5 is no longer considered secure against well-funded opponents due to its vulnerability to collision attacks. Version 2.3.4 replaces MD5 with SHA256.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/beego/beego/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/beego/beego/commit/e7fa4835f71… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2024-54143 (GCVE-0-2024-54143)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-12-06 16:14 – Updated: 2024-12-06 20:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
openwrt/asu allows build artifact poisoning via truncated SHA-256 hash and command injection
Summary
openwrt/asu is an image on demand server for OpenWrt based distributions. The request hashing mechanism truncates SHA-256 hashes to only 12 characters. This significantly reduces entropy, making it feasible for an attacker to generate collisions. By exploiting this, a previously built malicious image can be served in place of a legitimate one, allowing the attacker to "poison" the artifact cache and deliver compromised images to unsuspecting users. This can be combined with other attacks, such as a command injection in Imagebuilder that allows malicious users to inject arbitrary commands into the build process, resulting in the production of malicious firmware images signed with the legitimate build key. This has been patched with 920c8a1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-328 - Use of Weak Hash
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openwrt/asu/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/openwrt/asu/commit/920c8a13d97… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2024-52521 (GCVE-0-2024-52521)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-15 16:38 – Updated: 2024-11-15 17:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Nextcloud Server has a potential hash collision for background jobs could skip queuing them
Summary
Nextcloud Server is a self hosted personal cloud system. MD5 hashes were used to check background jobs for their uniqueness. This increased the chances of a background job with arguments falsely being identified as already existing and not be queued for execution. By changing the Hash to SHA256 the probability was heavily decreased. It is recommended that the Nextcloud Server is upgraded to 28.0.10, 29.0.7 or 30.0.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-328 - Use of Weak Hash
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nextcloud/security-advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nextcloud/server/pull/47769 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nextcloud/server/commit/a933ba… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nextcloud | security-advisories |
Affected:
>= 28.0.0, < 28.0.10
Affected: >= 29.0.0, < 29.0.7 |
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"url": "https://github.com/nextcloud/security-advisories/security/advisories/GHSA-2q6f-gjgj-7hp4"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/nextcloud/server/pull/47769",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/nextcloud/server/pull/47769"
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{
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"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
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"title": "Nextcloud Server has a potential hash collision for background jobs could skip queuing them"
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"cveMetadata": {
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"cveId": "CVE-2024-52521",
"datePublished": "2024-11-15T16:38:49.174Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-11-11T18:49:23.559Z",
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CVE-2024-48924 (GCVE-0-2024-48924)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-10-17 20:36 – Updated: 2024-10-18 17:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MessagePack allows untrusted data to lead to DoS attack due to hash collisions and stack overflow
Summary
### Impact
When this library is used to deserialize messagepack data from an untrusted source, there is a risk of a denial of service attack by an attacker that sends data contrived to produce hash collisions, leading to large CPU consumption disproportionate to the size of the data being deserialized.
This is similar to [a prior advisory](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/security/advisories/GHSA-7q36-4xx7-xcxf), which provided an inadequate fix for the hash collision part of the vulnerability.
### Patches
The following steps are required to mitigate this risk.
1. Upgrade to a version of the library where a fix is available.
1. Review the steps in [this previous advisory](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/security/advisories/GHSA-7q36-4xx7-xcxf) to ensure you have your application configured for untrusted data.
### Workarounds
If upgrading MessagePack to a patched version is not an option for you, you may apply a manual workaround as follows:
1. Declare a class that derives from `MessagePackSecurity`.
2. Override the `GetHashCollisionResistantEqualityComparer<T>` method to provide a collision-resistant hash function of your own and avoid calling `base.GetHashCollisionResistantEqualityComparer<T>()`.
3. Configure a `MessagePackSerializerOptions` with an instance of your derived type by calling `WithSecurity` on an existing options object.
4. Use your custom options object for all deserialization operations. This may be by setting the `MessagePackSerializer.DefaultOptions` static property, if you call methods that rely on this default property, and/or by passing in the options object explicitly to any `Deserialize` method.
### References
- Learn more about best security practices when reading untrusted data with [MessagePack 1.x](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/tree/v1.x#security) or [MessagePack 2.x](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp#security).
- The .NET team's [discussion on hash collision vulnerabilities of their `HashCode` struct](https://github.com/GrabYourPitchforks/runtime/blob/threat_models/docs/design/security/System.HashCode.md).
### For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
* [Start a public discussion](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/discussions)
* [Email us privately](mailto:andrewarnott@live.com)
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-328 - Use of Weak Hash
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MessagePack-CSharp | MessagePack-CSharp |
Affected:
< 2.5.187
Affected: >= 2.6.95-alpha, < 3.0.214-rc.1 |
|
| messagepack | messagepack-csharp |
Affected:
0 , < 2.5.187
(custom)
Affected: 2.6.95-alpha , < 3.0.214-rc.1 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:messagepack:messagepack-csharp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"value": "### Impact\n\nWhen this library is used to deserialize messagepack data from an untrusted source, there is a risk of a denial of service attack by an attacker that sends data contrived to produce hash collisions, leading to large CPU consumption disproportionate to the size of the data being deserialized.\n\nThis is similar to [a prior advisory](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/security/advisories/GHSA-7q36-4xx7-xcxf), which provided an inadequate fix for the hash collision part of the vulnerability.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe following steps are required to mitigate this risk.\n\n1. Upgrade to a version of the library where a fix is available.\n1. Review the steps in [this previous advisory](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/security/advisories/GHSA-7q36-4xx7-xcxf) to ensure you have your application configured for untrusted data.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf upgrading MessagePack to a patched version is not an option for you, you may apply a manual workaround as follows:\n\n1. Declare a class that derives from `MessagePackSecurity`.\n2. Override the `GetHashCollisionResistantEqualityComparer\u003cT\u003e` method to provide a collision-resistant hash function of your own and avoid calling `base.GetHashCollisionResistantEqualityComparer\u003cT\u003e()`.\n3. Configure a `MessagePackSerializerOptions` with an instance of your derived type by calling `WithSecurity` on an existing options object.\n4. Use your custom options object for all deserialization operations. This may be by setting the `MessagePackSerializer.DefaultOptions` static property, if you call methods that rely on this default property, and/or by passing in the options object explicitly to any `Deserialize` method.\n\n### References\n\n- Learn more about best security practices when reading untrusted data with [MessagePack 1.x](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/tree/v1.x#security) or [MessagePack 2.x](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp#security).\n- The .NET team\u0027s [discussion on hash collision vulnerabilities of their `HashCode` struct](https://github.com/GrabYourPitchforks/runtime/blob/threat_models/docs/design/security/System.HashCode.md).\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n* [Start a public discussion](https://github.com/MessagePack-CSharp/MessagePack-CSharp/discussions)\n* [Email us privately](mailto:andrewarnott@live.com)"
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"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
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Mitigation MIT-51
Architecture and Design
- Use an adaptive hash function that can be configured to change the amount of computational effort needed to compute the hash, such as the number of iterations ("stretching") or the amount of memory required. Some hash functions perform salting automatically. These functions can significantly increase the overhead for a brute force attack compared to intentionally-fast functions such as MD5. For example, rainbow table attacks can become infeasible due to the high computing overhead. Finally, since computing power gets faster and cheaper over time, the technique can be reconfigured to increase the workload without forcing an entire replacement of the algorithm in use.
- Some hash functions that have one or more of these desired properties include bcrypt [REF-291], scrypt [REF-292], and PBKDF2 [REF-293]. While there is active debate about which of these is the most effective, they are all stronger than using salts with hash functions with very little computing overhead.
- Note that using these functions can have an impact on performance, so they require special consideration to avoid denial-of-service attacks. However, their configurability provides finer control over how much CPU and memory is used, so it could be adjusted to suit the environment's needs.
CAPEC-461: Web Services API Signature Forgery Leveraging Hash Function Extension Weakness
An adversary utilizes a hash function extension/padding weakness, to modify the parameters passed to the web service requesting authentication by generating their own call in order to generate a legitimate signature hash (as described in the notes), without knowledge of the secret token sometimes provided by the web service.
CAPEC-68: Subvert Code-signing Facilities
Many languages use code signing facilities to vouch for code's identity and to thus tie code to its assigned privileges within an environment. Subverting this mechanism can be instrumental in an attacker escalating privilege. Any means of subverting the way that a virtual machine enforces code signing classifies for this style of attack.