Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-180
AllowedIncorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Draft
The product validates input before it is canonicalized, which prevents the product from detecting data that becomes invalid after the canonicalization step.
49 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-76203 (GCVE-0-2026-76203)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-19 14:23 – Updated: 2026-08-21 16:18 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CSS sanitizer bypass in Pentestify report themes allows forced outbound requests
Summary
Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize in the report theme CSS sanitizer
in maalfer Pentestify 1.2.0 through 2.3.2 allows an authenticated user to force outbound
HTTP requests from other users' browsers, disclosing their IP address and User-Agent, via
CSS hex escapes that reconstruct the url() function and evade the sanitizer blocklist
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 16:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-180 - Incorrect behavior order: validate before canonicalize
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ccyl13/Pentestify/commit/1ed1a… | patch |
| https://secur0.com/en/cna/cve-list/cve-2026-76203… | technical-description |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| maalfer | Pentestify |
Affected:
1.2.0 , < 1ed1aad
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:maalfer:pentestify:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-08-19 12:14
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CVE-2026-73420 (GCVE-0-2026-73420)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 22:04 – Updated: 2026-08-14 15:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
NextAuth.js: Email normalizer validates the address before Unicode normalization, allowing a homoglyph @ bypass
Summary
NextAuth.js provides authentication for Next.js. Prior to @auth/core 0.41.3 and next-auth 4.24.15 and 5.0.0-beta.32, the defaultNormalizer used by the email and magic-link sign-in flow validates an address before applying Unicode normalization. An address can contain a Unicode character such as U+FF20 FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT that is not ASCII at-sign but canonicalizes to an ASCII at-sign under NFKC or NFKD normalization. The address passes the normalizer's single-at-sign check, but a downstream sendVerificationRequest mail library or delivery service that normalizes the address can then see two at-sign separators and deliver the passwordless sign-in link to an attacker-controlled recipient. Applications are affected when the email provider uses the built-in normalizer rather than a custom normalizeIdentifier and the downstream sender applies Unicode normalization. An attacker who knows a victim's email address can request the misrouted magic link and sign in as the victim without victim interaction. This issue is fixed in @auth/core 0.41.3 and next-auth 4.24.15 and 5.0.0-beta.32.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 15:05 UTC
CWE
- CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth/commit/19… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth/commit/a6… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nextauthjs | next-auth |
Affected:
< 4.24.15
Affected: >= 5.0.0-beta.4, < 5.0.0-beta.32 |
|
| @auth | core |
Affected:
>= 0.1.0, < 0.41.3
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CVE-2026-73416 (GCVE-0-2026-73416)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 22:04 – Updated: 2026-08-17 17:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
jupyterlab: PyPI extension blocklist package-name canonicalization bypass
Summary
jupyterlab is an extensible environment for interactive and reproducible computing, based on the Jupyter Notebook Architecture. From 4.5.0 until 4.5.10 and 4.6.2, in jupyterlab/extensions/manager.py and jupyterlab/extensions/pypi.py, JupyterLab's PyPI extension manager enforces blocked_extensions_uris by comparing requested install names to blocklist entries with custom normalization that is weaker than PyPI package-name canonicalization. An authenticated user can request a PyPI-equivalent spelling such as JupyterLab.Git for a blocklisted package such as jupyterlab-git, and JupyterLab accepts the install request even though pip resolves the variant to the same package. Security impact requires an allowlist or blocklist intended to restrict package installation, the PyPI Extension Manager, and kernels and terminals that are disabled or delegated to remote hosts. The bypass lets an authenticated user install a prohibited extension, defeat integrity restrictions, and affect availability without gaining new read access. This issue is fixed in versions 4.5.10 and 4.6.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-17 17:16 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/pull/19184 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/pull/19185 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/pull/19186 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/commit/9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/commit/b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/commit/f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/releases… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jupyterlab | jupyterlab |
Affected:
>= 4.5.0, < 4.5.10
Affected: >= 4.6.0, < 4.6.2 |
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CVE-2026-72917 (GCVE-0-2026-72917)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 21:35 – Updated: 2026-08-12 22:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AnythingLLM: Password recovery accepts one recovery code twice after whitespace normalization
Summary
AnythingLLM is an application that turns pieces of content into context that any LLM can use as references during chatting. From 1.0.0 to 1.15.0, AnythingLLM's unauthenticated account-recovery flow in server/utils/PasswordRecovery/index.js uses recoverAccount() to deduplicate the raw recoveryCodes values before trimming them, so one valid code submitted twice with different surrounding whitespace can satisfy the two-code check. Each normalized value can also match the same stored hash instead of consuming a distinct hash. An attacker who knows the target username and one recovery code can call POST /api/system/recover-account in multi-user mode, receive a password-reset token, and use POST /api/system/reset-password to take over the account, including an administrator account.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 22:07 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Mintplex-Labs/anything-llm/sec… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Mintplex-Labs/anything-llm/com… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mintplex-Labs | anything-llm |
Affected:
Affected versions >= 1.0.0, <= 1.15.0
|
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CVE-2026-69246 (GCVE-0-2026-69246)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 21:07 – Updated: 2026-08-04 14:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Guzzle: Noncanonical host can bypass host-based checks
Summary
Guzzle is an extensible PHP HTTP client. Prior to 7.15.2 and 8.0.1, Guzzle gives a transport the request URI as text and supplies the Host header separately. The cURL handlers set CURLOPT_URL to the URI exactly as written and push that Host into CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER; StreamHandler does the same through fopen(). libcurl then parses the authority itself, percent-decoding it and, on an IDN-capable build, applying IDNA mapping, and uses the result to resolve, connect, name the TLS peer and address a proxy CONNECT, while the supplied Host suppresses the aligned one libcurl would have generated. For a URI host written as 127.0.0.%31, filter_var() rejects the host as an IP literal, yet libcurl decodes it to 127.0.0.1 and reaches loopback with no DNS lookup while the server receives Host: 127.0.0.%31. An attacker who influences a fetched URI can therefore reach a host the application's checks excluded and read whatever the host exposes of the response. The same divergence moves Guzzle's own decisions onto a spelling the transport does not use: no_proxy selects proxy routing from the literal host, and RedirectMiddleware decides from it whether to strip Authorization and Cookie. Exploitation requires the application to build a request URI from untrusted input and to make a host decision before handing it to Guzzle. This issue is fixed in versions 7.15.2 and 8.0.1.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 14:06 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/pull/3907 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/pull/3908 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/commit/3aeea0406… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/commit/744101956… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/releases/tag/7.15.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/releases/tag/8.0.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-69245 (GCVE-0-2026-69245)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 21:05 – Updated: 2026-08-04 15:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Guzzle: Noncanonical cookie domain keeps subdomain scope
Summary
Guzzle is an extensible PHP HTTP client. Prior to 7.15.2 and 8.0.1, SetCookie::matchesDomain() gives every subdomain of a cookie Domain that cookie unless SetCookie::matchesDomain() recognizes the Domain as an IP literal or a numeric host, and the decision comes from the domain's own text, so two spellings a transport reads as an address keep subdomain scope. Hexadecimal and mixed-base forms such as 0x7f000001 and 0177.0.0.0x1 go unrecognized while libcurl 8.21.0 reads both as 127.0.0.1. A percent-escaped Domain keeps that scope on both branches because percent-decoding sits above numeric parsing, so 192.168.0.%31 and 127.0.0.1%2e are registered names in the URI grammar rather than address literals, and no numeric rule in any base classifies them, while libcurl decodes the host before resolving and reads them as 192.168.0.1 and 127.0.0.1. A cookie stored for Domain=0x7f000001 is placed in the Cookie header of a request to evil.0x7f000001, disclosing a session identifier or token to a host that is not that address, and a response from evil.0x7f000001 setting Domain=0x7f000001 is accepted into the jar and replayed to the address, so a server answering for the look-alike name can fix a session or set application state. Exploitation requires the application to enable cookie support, address an origin by one of these spellings, and contact a host whose name ends in that spelling. This issue is fixed in versions 7.15.2 and 8.0.1.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 14:28 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/pull/3907 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/pull/3908 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/commit/3aeea0406… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/commit/744101956… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/releases/tag/7.15.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/guzzle/guzzle/releases/tag/8.0.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-62999 (GCVE-0-2026-62999)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-31 19:41 – Updated: 2026-07-31 19:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Copier: Percent-encoded dot segments in template URLs can allow trusted-prefix escape (Incomplete fix for trust-prefix bypass)
Summary
Copier is a library and CLI app for rendering project templates. From 9.5.0 through 9.16.0, percent-encoded parent-directory segments or encoded path separators in a template URL can match a configured trusted repository prefix before an HTTP server or Git transport decodes the path, allowing unsafe template features from a repository outside the trusted prefix to run after user interaction. This issue is fixed in version 9.17.0.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-31 19:59 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/copier-org/copier/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/copier-org/copier/commit/7408f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/copier-org/copier/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| copier-org | copier |
Affected:
>= 9.5.0, <= 9.16.0
|
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CVE-2026-52747 (GCVE-0-2026-52747)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-10 21:42 – Updated: 2026-07-13 17:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ModSecurity: Multipart form-data parser silently strips embedded line breaks from form-field values, enabling request-body inspection bypass
Summary
ModSecurity is an open source, cross platform web application firewall (WAF) engine for Apache, IIS and Nginx. Prior to 3.0.16, the multipart/form-data request body parser in libmodsecurity silently removes embedded line breaks from non-file form-field values before exporting them to ARGS and ARGS_POST because src/request_body_processor/multipart.cc overwrites reserved bytes in m_reserve instead of appending the current buffer. This creates a parser differential between ModSecurity and backend applications that preserve line breaks in form fields, allowing rules that inspect ARGS or ARGS_POST to miss payloads whose dangerous syntax depends on a line break. This issue is fixed in version 3.0.16.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-13 17:48 UTC
CWE
- CWE-180 - Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/owasp-modsecurity/ModSecurity/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/owasp-modsecurity/ModSecurity/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/owasp-modsecurity/ModSecurity/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| owasp-modsecurity | ModSecurity |
Affected:
< 3.0.16
|
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CVE-2026-49984 (GCVE-0-2026-49984)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-26 20:55 – Updated: 2026-06-30 19:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Kestra: Path traversal in `LocalStorage` allows any authenticated user to read arbitrary server files via the execution file-download API (`\..\` bypasses the `..` guard)
Summary
Kestra is an open-source, event-driven orchestration platform. Prior to 1.0.45 and 1.3.23, the local internal-storage backend validates user-supplied paths for .. traversal before it converts Windows-style backslashes to forward slashes. An attacker can therefore smuggle a traversal sequence past the guard using backslashes (..\..\..\); the guard sees a harmless string, and the path is only rewritten to ../../../ after validation, immediately before the file is opened. Any authenticated user who can view an execution (the lowest-privilege role) can call GET /api/v1/{tenant}/executions/{executionId}/file?path=… and read any file on the server filesystem readable by the Kestra process, outside the storage sandbox and across every tenant and namespace. This includes the embedded H2 database (all flows, all users, all stored secrets), internal storage of every other tenant/namespace, mounted secret files, and the process environment (/proc/self/environ) which contains configured database and secret-backend credentials. It is a complete breach of Kestra's storage isolation and multi-tenancy boundary. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.0.45 and 1.3.23.
Severity
7.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-30 19:30 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/kestra-io/kestra/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-48721 (GCVE-0-2026-48721)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 17:31 – Updated: 2026-06-25 17:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Warp: Env-var prefixes can lead to denylisted command autoexecution
Summary
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2025.10.08.08.12.stable_00 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains a command execution permission-check bypass in the default unsandboxed CLI agent profile. The CLI profile is non-interactive and relies on a command denylist as a safety boundary for commands that should require confirmation. Because command strings were checked before canonicalizing leading environment-variable assignments, an attacker who can influence the agent's command output may cause denylisted commands to be treated as non-denylisted. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-25 17:06 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/commit/0c1e243… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| warpdotdev | warp |
Affected:
>= 0.2025.10.08.08.12.stable_00, < 0.2026.05.13.09.15.stable_01
|
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"lang": "en",
"value": "Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2025.10.08.08.12.stable_00 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains a command execution permission-check bypass in the default unsandboxed CLI agent profile. The CLI profile is non-interactive and relies on a command denylist as a safety boundary for commands that should require confirmation. Because command strings were checked before canonicalizing leading environment-variable assignments, an attacker who can influence the agent\u0027s command output may cause denylisted commands to be treated as non-denylisted. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 8.6,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-180",
"description": "CWE-180: Incorrect Behavior Order: Validate Before Canonicalize",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-693",
"description": "CWE-693: Protection Mechanism Failure",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-06-24T17:31:15.365Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/security/advisories/GHSA-3839-h8jj-ph82",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/security/advisories/GHSA-3839-h8jj-ph82"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/commit/0c1e243292c642d9a7748f80813b6fdfc0b31a9e",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/warpdotdev/warp/commit/0c1e243292c642d9a7748f80813b6fdfc0b31a9e"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-3839-h8jj-ph82",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Warp: Env-var prefixes can lead to denylisted command autoexecution"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-48721",
"datePublished": "2026-06-24T17:31:15.365Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-22T18:47:27.756Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-06-25T17:06:14.638Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
CAPEC-267: Leverage Alternate Encoding
An adversary leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input or content used by applications such that the applications are ineffective at validating this encoding standard.
CAPEC-3: Using Leading 'Ghost' Character Sequences to Bypass Input Filters
Some APIs will strip certain leading characters from a string of parameters. An adversary can intentionally introduce leading "ghost" characters (extra characters that don't affect the validity of the request at the API layer) that enable the input to pass the filters and therefore process the adversary's input. This occurs when the targeted API will accept input data in several syntactic forms and interpret it in the equivalent semantic way, while the filter does not take into account the full spectrum of the syntactic forms acceptable to the targeted API.
CAPEC-71: Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic
An attacker may provide a Unicode string to a system component that is not Unicode aware and use that to circumvent the filter or cause the classifying mechanism to fail to properly understanding the request. That may allow the attacker to slip malicious data past the content filter and/or possibly cause the application to route the request incorrectly.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.
CAPEC-80: Using UTF-8 Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack is a specific variation on leveraging alternate encodings to bypass validation logic. This attack leverages the possibility to encode potentially harmful input in UTF-8 and submit it to applications not expecting or effective at validating this encoding standard making input filtering difficult. UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. Legal UTF-8 characters are one to four bytes long. However, early version of the UTF-8 specification got some entries wrong (in some cases it permitted overlong characters). UTF-8 encoders are supposed to use the "shortest possible" encoding, but naive decoders may accept encodings that are longer than necessary. According to the RFC 3629, a particularly subtle form of this attack can be carried out against a parser which performs security-critical validity checks against the UTF-8 encoded form of its input, but interprets certain illegal octet sequences as characters.