Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-120
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewBuffer Copy without Checking Size of Input
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product copies an input buffer to an output buffer without verifying that the size of the input buffer is less than the size of the output buffer.
Mapping guidance
There are some indications that this CWE ID might be misused and selected simply because it mentions "buffer overflow" - an increasingly vague term. This CWE entry is only appropriate for "Buffer Copy" operations (not buffer reads), in which where there is no "Checking [the] Size of Input", and (by implication of the copy) writing past the end of the buffer.
If the vulnerability being analyzed involves out-of-bounds reads, then consider CWE-125 or descendants. For root cause analysis: if there is any input validation, consider children of CWE-20 such as CWE-1284. If there is a calculation error for buffer sizes, consider CWE-131 or similar.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.
Automated static analysis generally does not account for environmental considerations when reporting out-of-bounds memory operations. This can make it difficult for users to determine which warnings should be investigated first. For example, an analysis tool might report buffer overflows that originate from command line arguments in a program that is not expected to run with setuid or other special privileges.
Effectiveness: High
Detection techniques for buffer-related errors are more mature than for most other weakness types.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Manual Analysis
Manual analysis can be useful for finding this weakness, but it might not achieve desired code coverage within limited time constraints. This becomes difficult for weaknesses that must be considered for all inputs, since the attack surface can be too large.
Automated Dynamic Analysis
Use tools that are integrated during compilation to insert runtime error-checking mechanisms related to memory safety errors, such as AddressSanitizer (ASan) for C/C++ [REF-1518].
Effectiveness: Moderate
Crafted inputs are necessary to reach the code containing the error, such as generated by fuzzers. Also, these tools may reduce performance, and they only report the error condition - not the original mistake that led to the error.
Automated Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Bytecode Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Binary Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary / Bytecode disassembler - then use manual analysis for vulnerabilities & anomalies
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Fuzz Tester
Framework-based Fuzzer
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: High
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Other
A buffer overflow condition exists when a product attempts to put more data in a buffer than it can hold, or when it attempts to put data in a memory area outside of the boundaries of a buffer. The simplest type of error, and the most common cause of buffer overflows, is the "classic" case in which the product copies the buffer without restricting how much data is copied. Other variants exist, but the existence of a classic overflow strongly suggests that the programmer is not considering even the most basic of security protections.
Relationship
At the code level, stack-based and heap-based overflows do not differ significantly, so there usually is not a need to distinguish them. From the attacker perspective, they can be quite different, since different techniques are required to exploit them.
Terminology
There is significant inconsistency regarding the "buffer overflow" term, which can have multiple interpretations and uses. Many people mean "writing past the end of a buffer." Others mean "writing past the end of a buffer, or before the beginning of a buffer." Still others might include "read" in the term.
Content history
Submission: PLOVER
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Modification: Eric Dalci
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
updated Time_of_Introduction
Modification:
· KDM Analytics
· 2008-08-01
· CWE 1.0
added/updated white box definitions
Modification:
· Veracode
· 2008-08-15
· CWE 1.0
Suggested OWASP Top Ten 2004 mapping
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Relationships, Observed_Example, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-10-10
· CWE 1.1
Changed name and description to more clearly emphasize the "classic" nature of the overflow.
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-10-14
· CWE 1.0.1
updated Alternate_Terms, Description, Name, Other_Notes, Terminology_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-11-24
· CWE 1.1
updated Other_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-01-12
· CWE 1.2
updated Common_Consequences, Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationship_Notes, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-07-27
· CWE 1.5
updated Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-10-29
· CWE 1.6
updated Common_Consequences, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings, Time_of_Introduction, Type
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-04-05
· CWE 1.8.1
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Related_Attack_Patterns
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Common_Consequences, Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-09-27
· CWE 1.10
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-12-13
· CWE 1.11
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-03-29
· CWE 1.12
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-27
· CWE 2.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-09-13
· CWE 2.1
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-10-30
· CWE 2.3
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-02-18
· CWE 2.6
updated Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Applicable_Platforms, Causal_Nature, Demonstrative_Examples, Likelihood_of_Exploit, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings, White_Box_Definitions
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2018-03-27
· CWE 3.1
updated References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-06-25
· CWE 4.1
updated Common_Consequences, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Alternate_Terms, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-12-10
· CWE 4.3
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Demonstrative_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-07-20
· CWE 4.5
updated Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Common_Consequences, Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-04-03
· CWE 4.17
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-09-09
· CWE 4.18
updated Description, Detection_Factors, Diagram, Other_Notes, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Applicable_Platforms, Detection_Factors, References, Terminology_Notes
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-01-21
· CWE 4.19.1
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Name, References, Relationships
5820 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-129250 (GCVE-0-2026-129250)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-14 11:30 – Updated: 2026-11-14 11:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Edimax BR6478ACV2 webs formPPTPSetup buffer overflow
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in Edimax BR6478ACV2 1.23. The impacted element is the function formPPTPSetup of the file webs. The manipulation of the argument pptpUserName leads to buffer overflow. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
9.9 (Critical)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/437280 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/437280/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-129250 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033650 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/EDIMAX-B… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edimax | BR6478ACV2 |
Affected:
1.23
cpe:2.3:a:edimax:br6478acv2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-129123 (GCVE-0-2026-129123)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-13 16:23 – Updated: 2026-11-13 21:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
C-Kermit 8.0.200 before 11.1.515 FTP Client Buffer Overflow via PBSZ and ADAT Replies
Summary
C-Kermit 8.0.200 before 11.1.515 contains a buffer overflow vulnerability in getreply() in ckcftp.c that allows malicious FTP servers to overwrite client memory by sending overlong security replies. Attackers controlling or intercepting an FTP server can send long PBSZ replies after AUTH TLS, or long ADAT replies in GSSAPI, Kerberos 4, and SRP builds, overflowing the static reply_buf with attacker-controlled bytes.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-13 21:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenKermit/ckermit/security/ad… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/OpenKermit/ckermit/commit/39ab… | patch |
| https://github.com/OpenKermit/ckermit/commit/bec2… | patch |
| https://github.com/OpenKermit/ckermit/releases/ta… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/OpenKermit/ckermit/blob/v11.0.… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/c-kermit-8.0… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenKermit | C-Kermit |
Affected:
8.0.200 , < 11.1.515
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-10-31 00:00
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CVE-2026-124563 (GCVE-0-2026-124563)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 03:45 – Updated: 2026-11-13 03:42 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
D-Link DIR-878 HNAP SetWanSettings buffer overflow
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in D-Link DIR-878 1.20B05. Affected by this vulnerability is the function SetWanSettings of the component HNAP Handler. The manipulation of the argument Primary/Secondary results in buffer overflow. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-13 03:41 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432895 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432895/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124563 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1035619 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Zimo-666/DIR-878-cves/tree/mai… | broken-linkexploit |
| https://www.dlink.com/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-124562 (GCVE-0-2026-124562)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 03:30 – Updated: 2026-11-09 14:07 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
D-Link DIR-878 HNAP SetWanSettings buffer overflow
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in D-Link DIR-878 1.20B05. Affected is the function SetWanSettings of the component HNAP Handler. The manipulation of the argument ConfigDNS/Primary/ConfigDNS/Secondary leads to buffer overflow. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 14:07 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432894 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432894/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124562 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1035618 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Zimo-666/DIR-878-cves/tree/mai… | broken-linkexploit |
| https://www.dlink.com/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-124060 (GCVE-0-2026-124060)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 20:30 – Updated: 2026-11-09 13:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE cstecgi.cgi UploadCustomModule buffer overflow
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. Affected by this issue is the function UploadCustomModule of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument File results in buffer overflow. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 13:47 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432115 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432115/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124060 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033757 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/TOTOLINK… | exploit |
| https://www.totolink.net/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-124059 (GCVE-0-2026-124059)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 19:00 – Updated: 2026-11-09 22:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE cstecgi.cgi setWiFiWdsAddConfig buffer overflow
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. Affected by this vulnerability is the function setWiFiWdsAddConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument ApCliKeyStr leads to buffer overflow. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 22:39 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432114 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432114/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124059 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033756 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/TOTOLINK… | exploit |
| https://www.totolink.net/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-124058 (GCVE-0-2026-124058)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 18:15 – Updated: 2026-11-12 11:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE cstecgi.cgi setWiFiRepeaterConfig buffer overflow
Summary
A weakness has been identified in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. Affected is the function setWiFiRepeaterConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Executing a manipulation of the argument ApCliKeyStr can lead to buffer overflow. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-12 11:48 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432113 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432113/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124058 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033755 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/TOTOLINK… | exploit |
| https://www.totolink.net/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-124057 (GCVE-0-2026-124057)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 17:45 – Updated: 2026-11-11 04:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE cstecgi.cgi setWiFiMultipleConfig buffer overflow
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. This impacts the function setWiFiMultipleConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Performing a manipulation of the argument Key1Str1 results in buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-11 04:04 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432112 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432112/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-124057 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033754 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/TOTOLINK… | exploit |
| https://www.totolink.net/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-123961 (GCVE-0-2026-123961)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 10:15 – Updated: 2026-11-09 13:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE cstecgi.cgi setWiFiBasicConfig buffer overflow
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. This impacts the function setWiFiBasicConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument KeyStr leads to buffer overflow. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 13:44 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432024 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432024/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123961 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033753 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/TOTOLINK… | exploit |
| https://www.totolink.net/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-123960 (GCVE-0-2026-123960)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 10:00 – Updated: 2026-11-09 22:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE cstecgi.cgi setWanConfig buffer overflow
Summary
A weakness has been identified in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. This affects the function setWanConfig of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. Executing a manipulation of the argument pppoeUser/priDns/secDns can lead to buffer overflow. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 22:39 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432023 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/432023/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-123960 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1033722 | third-party-advisory |
| https://lavender-bicycle-a5a.notion.site/TOTOLINK… | exploit |
| https://www.totolink.net/ | product |
Impacted products
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Mitigation MIT-3
Requirements
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
Implementation
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that your buffer is as large as you specify.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation
Build and Compilation
Operation
Most mitigating technologies at the compiler or OS level to date address only a subset of buffer overflow problems and rarely provide complete protection against even that subset. It is good practice to implement strategies to increase the workload of an attacker, such as leaving the attacker to guess an unknown value that changes every program execution.
Mitigation MIT-13
Implementation
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the adversary finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service. This hostile service is created to deliver the correct content to the client software. For example, if the client-side application is a browser, the service will host a webpage that the browser loads.
CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion
An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.
CAPEC-44: Overflow Binary Resource File
An attack of this type exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in the handling of binary resources. Binary resources may include music files like MP3, image files like JPEG files, and any other binary file. These attacks may pass unnoticed to the client machine through normal usage of files, such as a browser loading a seemingly innocent JPEG file. This can allow the adversary access to the execution stack and execute arbitrary code in the target process.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags
This type of attack leverages the use of tags or variables from a formatted configuration data to cause buffer overflow. The adversary crafts a malicious HTML page or configuration file that includes oversized strings, thus causing an overflow.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.
CAPEC-67: String Format Overflow in syslog()
This attack targets applications and software that uses the syslog() function insecurely. If an application does not explicitely use a format string parameter in a call to syslog(), user input can be placed in the format string parameter leading to a format string injection attack. Adversaries can then inject malicious format string commands into the function call leading to a buffer overflow. There are many reported software vulnerabilities with the root cause being a misuse of the syslog() function.
CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call
This attack targets libraries or shared code modules which are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. An adversary who has knowledge of known vulnerable libraries or shared code can easily target software that makes use of these libraries. All clients that make use of the code library thus become vulnerable by association. This has a very broad effect on security across a system, usually affecting more than one software process.
CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities
This attack targets command-line utilities available in a number of shells. An adversary can leverage a vulnerability found in a command-line utility to escalate privilege to root.
CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow
This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.