CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
773 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-107845 (GCVE-0-2026-107845)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 19:29 – Updated: 2026-10-09 19:51| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/contao/contao/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/contao/contao/commit/22505d5f7… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/contao/contao/releases/tag/5.3.50 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/contao/contao/releases/tag/5.7.12 | x_refsource_MISC |
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"value": "Contao is an Open Source CMS. From version 4.0.0 until 5.3.50 and 5.7.12, an unauthenticated visitor can submit a comment whose email or website metadata is rendered without sufficient attribute and URL encoding by listComments() in comments-bundle/contao/dca/tl_comments.php. When a backend user opens the Comments module, attacker-controlled script can execute in the Contao backend origin under that user\u0027s session. Unpublished comments remain visible to moderators, so moderation does not prevent exposure. This issue is fixed in versions 5.3.50 and 5.7.12."
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CVE-2026-107823 (GCVE-0-2026-107823)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 17:30 – Updated: 2026-10-09 17:30| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/commit/8a642bc8… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/releases/tag/ma… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/releases/tag/ma… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/releases/tag/ma… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/releases/tag/ma… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/releases/tag/ma… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/MariaDB/server/releases/tag/ma… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-40484 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-107393 (GCVE-0-2026-107393)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-08 19:52 – Updated: 2026-10-08 19:52| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/freescout-help-desk/freescout/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/freescout-help-desk/freescout/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/freescout-help-desk/freescout/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| freescout-help-desk | freescout |
Affected:
< 1.8.235
|
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"value": "FreeScout is a self-hosted help desk and shared mailbox. Prior to 1.8.235, when APP_CLOUDFLARE_IS_USED is enabled, FreeScout trusts an unvalidated CF-Connecting-IP header during failed login attempts and stores the spoofed value in the activity log. LogsMonitor inserts the value into an administrator alert email without HTML escaping, allowing injected HTML to execute when an administrator opens the email. This issue is fixed in version 1.8.235."
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CVE-2026-106444 (GCVE-0-2026-106444)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-06 19:48- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| handlebars-lang | handlebars.js |
Affected:
>= 4.0.0, < 4.7.10
|
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CVE-2026-106107 (GCVE-0-2026-106107)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 17:26 – Updated: 2026-10-06 19:29| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/quasarframework/quasar/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/quasarframework/quasar/commit/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/quasarframework/quasar/release… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| quasarframework | quasar |
Affected:
< 2.23.4
|
|
| @quasar | app-vite |
Affected:
< 3.3.0
|
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CVE-2026-106102 (GCVE-0-2026-106102)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 17:07 – Updated: 2026-10-06 17:39| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/quasarframework/quasar/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/quasarframework/quasar/commit/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/quasarframework/quasar/release… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| quasarframework | quasar |
Affected:
< 2.22.0
|
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CVE-2026-105801 (GCVE-0-2026-105801)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 14:53 – Updated: 2026-10-09 01:06| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openapi-generators/openapi-pyt… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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| https://github.com/openapi-generators/openapi-pyt… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/openapi-generators/openapi-pyt… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| openapi-generators | openapi-python-client |
Affected:
< 0.29.1
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CVE-2026-105244 (GCVE-0-2026-105244)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 19:52 – Updated: 2026-10-07 14:50- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache log4net |
Affected:
1.2.12 , < 3.5.0
(semver)
|
|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache log4net |
Affected:
56a2e146e21ff4737e1ff3ec308810e667873947 , < 77717061b20d4346b6c0ce6b54643d85fb348bc7
(git)
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CVE-2026-104907 (GCVE-0-2026-104907)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-02 15:51 – Updated: 2026-10-02 16:18| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/70ad174dd | patch |
qwen3.8:27b
1 event
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02bcp-05-x-03
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-10-02 15:50 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/70ad174dd.patch
048909e6f2d9… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
70ad174ddd43
|
fix: [security] Cast the remote tag id in the event preview | 048909e6f2d9… |
Fix summary
The vulnerability is remediated by casting the remote tag ID to an integer before embedding it in the inline JavaScript onclick handler. This ensures only a numeric value is rendered, eliminating the possibility of breaking out of the JavaScript string context with special characters.
Patch summary
In app/View/Servers/preview_event.ctp, the expression h($tag['id']) inside the onclick attribute's JavaScript string was replaced with (int)$tag['id']. This changes the output from an HTML-escaped string to a strictly integer value, preventing any non-numeric characters from being injected into the inline script context.
CVSS rationale
AV:N - the attack originates from a remote linked server over the network. AC:L - the injection is straightforward (embed a quote in a tag ID). AT:N - no special timing or race conditions required. PR:L - the attacker must be a configured linked server, which requires some level of trust/access but not full admin. UI:A - the victim must actively view the event preview and interact with the tag element. VC/VI/VA:N - the MISP server itself is not compromised; the impact is in the victim's browser. SC:N - no meaningful confidentiality impact on the subsequent component is guaranteed. SI:L - the injected script can perform limited actions (redirect, read page data, submit forms) in the user's session. SA:N - no availability impact on the subsequent component.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-79 The tag ID is embedded in an inline JavaScript onclick handler where HTML escaping (h()) does not neutralize JavaScript string breakout characters. This is a classic case of improper output encoding for a JavaScript context, resulting in reflected XSS.
- CWE-116 The root cause is using HTML entity encoding (h()) in a context that requires JavaScript string escaping. The encoding mechanism is inappropriate for the output context, which is a sub-category of the XSS issue.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-1 The vulnerability is a reflected XSS where attacker-controlled data (a tag ID from a linked server) is injected into an inline JavaScript event handler without proper context-aware encoding. CAPEC-1 is the closest general match. The specific sub-technique is injection into a JavaScript string literal within an HTML attribute, which is not separately enumerated in CAPEC.
- CAPEC-126 The attacker exploits the fact that the single-quote character (or similar) is not properly handled when the tag ID is placed inside a JavaScript string within an HTML attribute. The HTML escaping does not account for the JavaScript string delimiter. This CAPEC captures the character-handling aspect of the flaw. Uncertainty: CAPEC-1 is more directly about XSS; CAPEC-126 is included as a supplementary mapping for the encoding mismatch.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected version boundary is inferred from the tag v2.5.48 with 28 commits after the fix; the exact first affected version is not stated in the patch.
- The attacker is assumed to be a linked/remote MISP server that can control tag IDs in events shared with the local instance; the exact trust model and authentication for linked servers is not detailed in the patch.
- CAPEC-126 is included as a supplementary mapping; the primary and most defensible mapping is CAPEC-1 (Cross Site Scripting).
- The CVSS PR:L assumes that being a linked server requires some form of authenticated or trusted relationship, but the exact privilege level is not specified in the patch.
- The Co-Authored-By line references an AI tool (Claude Opus 5.5); it is listed as a tool credit, not a human remediation developer.
- The impact scope (SC/SI) is assessed conservatively; the actual XSS payload capability depends on the browser context and same-origin policy, which are not fully specified.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
6 | 11 | medium | 6 |
- 2026-09-24 21:53 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (70ad174ddd438887687d40fc1e2e4e8b322a179e): fix: [security] Cast the remote tag id in the event preview https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/70ad174dd.patch
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CVE-2026-95659 (GCVE-0-2026-95659)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 12:40 – Updated: 2026-09-22 15:34| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/23b879073 | patch |
qwen3.8:27b
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-09-22 12:33 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/23b879073.patch
4476bdd487c3… - Confidence
- high
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
23b879073eef
|
fix: [security] Reflected XSS via the object type in the | 4476bdd487c3… |
Fix summary
The fix introduces two layers of defense. First, the viewForObject action now validates the object_type parameter against the AnalystData::valid_targets whitelist and rejects any value not in that list with a NotFoundException, preventing arbitrary strings from reaching the view layer. Second, the two output sinks in the Overmind thread.ctp template now apply the h() HTML-encoding function to the object type before interpolation into translated strings, ensuring that even if a valid type were to contain special characters, it would be rendered as inert text rather than executable markup.
Patch summary
In AnalystDataController.php, the patch adds an import of the AnalystData model and inserts a guard clause at the top of viewForObject that checks the $object_type parameter against AnalystData::valid_targets using a strict in_array comparison; if the value is not in the list, a NotFoundException is thrown. In thread.ctp, two occurrences of strtolower($objectType) passed directly into __() translation calls are wrapped with h() to HTML-encode the value before it is embedded in the rendered HTML output.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via a crafted URL. AC:L: No race conditions or special environment conditions are required; the attacker simply crafts a URL with a malicious object_type value. AT:N: No manipulation of the attack target is needed. PR:L: The victim must be authenticated to MISP to reach the AnalystData view. UI:A: The victim must actively navigate to the attacker-supplied URL (e.g., click a link), which constitutes active user interaction. VC:N, VI:N, VA:N: The vulnerable MISP server itself is not directly compromised; the impact is on the victim's browser session. SC:L: The attacker can read data available in the victim's browser context (cookies, session tokens, page content) but impact is limited to the current page. SI:L: The attacker can modify the rendered page or submit forms on behalf of the victim within the session. SA:N: No broader security impact on other systems is expected from this reflected XSS.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-79 The object_type URL parameter is reflected into HTML output without encoding, allowing script injection. This is a textbook reflected XSS.
- CWE-116 The view template interpolated the object type into translated strings without applying h() HTML encoding, which is the direct encoding failure that permits the XSS.
- CWE-20 The controller accepted any arbitrary string as the object_type parameter without validating it against the known set of valid analyst-data target types, allowing attacker-controlled data to reach the output layer.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-127 The vulnerability is a reflected XSS: attacker-controlled input from the URL is reflected into the HTML response without encoding. CAPEC-127 is the most specific and directly applicable attack pattern. No uncertainty in this mapping.
- CAPEC-61 CAPEC-61 is the broader parent pattern for XSS attacks. It is included as a secondary mapping to cover the general class of the vulnerability. CAPEC-127 is the more precise match; CAPEC-61 is listed for completeness.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected version range is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.47 with 58 commits after the fix), suggesting the fix is included in v2.5.47. The exact first affected version is not specified in the patch.
- PR:L assumes the AnalystData viewForObject action requires authentication, which is consistent with MISP's typical access model but not explicitly confirmed in the patch.
- UI:A assumes the victim must actively navigate to a crafted URL (e.g., click a link). If the malicious URL could be loaded in an iframe or auto-redirected, UI:P might be more appropriate, but the evidence supports active navigation.
- SC:L and SI:L reflect the typical impact of reflected XSS limited to the current page context; a more severe impact (SC:H, SI:H) is possible if the XSS can exfiltrate full session credentials or perform privileged actions, but the patch evidence does not confirm the scope of available data.
- The CAPEC-61 mapping is a broader parent pattern included for completeness; CAPEC-127 is the primary and most precise match.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
6 | 9 | high | 5 |
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"value": "MISP contains a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the AnalystDataController::viewForObject action. The method accepted a parent object type parameter from the URL without validation and passed it to the Overmind-themed AnalystData thread view element, where it was interpolated into two translated strings and rendered into the HTML response without output encoding. An authenticated attacker who can induce a victim to navigate to a crafted URL can inject arbitrary JavaScript that executes in the victim\u0027s browser within the MISP application context. This may allow the attacker to read session data, manipulate the page, or perform actions on behalf of the victim.\u00a0\n\nThe vulnerability requires the victim to be authenticated to MISP and to actively visit the attacker-supplied URL. The affected component is the AnalystData controller and the Overmind theme\u0027s AnalystData thread element.\n\nVersion affected: \u003c2.5.47"
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"value": "\u003cp\u003eThe fix introduces two layers of defense. First, the viewForObject action now validates the object_type parameter against the AnalystData::valid_targets whitelist and rejects any value not in that list with a NotFoundException, preventing arbitrary strings from reaching the view layer. Second, the two output sinks in the Overmind thread.ctp template now apply the h() HTML-encoding function to the object type before interpolation into translated strings, ensuring that even if a valid type were to contain special characters, it would be rendered as inert text rather than executable markup.\u003c/p\u003e"
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],
"source": {
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
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"title": "MISP Reflected XSS via Unvalidated Object Type in AnalystData Overmind Thread",
"x_gcve": [
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"UI:A assumes the victim must actively navigate to a crafted URL (e.g., click a link). If the malicious URL could be loaded in an iframe or auto-redirected, UI:P might be more appropriate, but the evidence supports active navigation.",
"SC:L and SI:L reflect the typical impact of reflected XSS limited to the current page context; a more severe impact (SC:H, SI:H) is possible if the XSS can exfiltrate full session credentials or perform privileged actions, but the patch evidence does not confirm the scope of available data.",
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"fixSummary": "The fix introduces two layers of defense. First, the viewForObject action now validates the object_type parameter against the AnalystData::valid_targets whitelist and rejects any value not in that list with a NotFoundException, preventing arbitrary strings from reaching the view layer. Second, the two output sinks in the Overmind thread.ctp template now apply the h() HTML-encoding function to the object type before interpolation into translated strings, ensuring that even if a valid type were to contain special characters, it would be rendered as inert text rather than executable markup.",
"generatedAt": "2026-09-22T12:33:44.255419Z",
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"selectionMethod": "deterministic-consensus-v1",
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"cweId": "CWE-79",
"rationale": "The object_type URL parameter is reflected into HTML output without encoding, allowing script injection. This is a textbook reflected XSS."
},
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"cweId": "CWE-116",
"rationale": "The view template interpolated the object type into translated strings without applying h() HTML encoding, which is the direct encoding failure that permits the XSS."
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"rationale": "The controller accepted any arbitrary string as the object_type parameter without validating it against the known set of valid analyst-data target types, allowing attacker-controlled data to reach the output layer."
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"datePublished": "2026-09-22T12:40:38.097Z",
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"dateUpdated": "2026-09-22T15:34:41.995Z",
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Mitigation MIT-4.3
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.