Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-116

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.

644 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-73161 (GCVE-0-2026-73161)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 09:07 – Updated: 2026-08-11 16:51
VLAI
Title
cti-transmute Conversion Table Allows XSS via Unescaped Cell Content During Search Highlighting
Summary
Affected versions of cti-transmute improperly handle conversion-table values passed through the search highlighting feature. The highlight() function previously returned the underlying text directly when no search query was supplied, or performed a regex replacement that inserted <mark> tags without first escaping the original content. Because the resulting value is used by an HTML-rendering sink, malicious markup contained in conversion data could be interpreted as HTML rather than displayed as text. The fix introduces a shared highlightMatches() helper that first converts special characters such as <, >, &, and quotes into HTML entities. Only after escaping does the code insert the application-controlled <mark> element used for search highlighting.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 16:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP cti-transmute Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.4.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
🕵️‍♂️ Jeroen Pinoy 🐞 Christian Studer
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-73157 (GCVE-0-2026-73157)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 08:06 – Updated: 2026-08-11 13:11
VLAI
Title
cti-transmute Remote MISP Event Browser Allows Cross-Site Scripting via Malicious Event Metadata
Summary
Affected versions of cti-transmute render data obtained from a remote MISP instance into the event-browser interface using HTML interpolation. Because fields such as event IDs, event information, organization names, tags, tag colors, TLP labels, distribution labels, and error/flash text may be controlled by the remote MISP server, a malicious or compromised remote instance could return crafted values that inject HTML or script-capable content into the cti-transmute interface. The patch explicitly notes that remote-derived values must not reach innerHTML, and replaces string-built rows and badges with DOM nodes populated through textContent. It also restricts remote-controlled tag colors to six-digit hexadecimal values, preventing malicious CSS values such as url(...).
Severity
2.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 13:11 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP cti-transmute Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.4.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
🕵️‍♂️ Jeroen Pinoy 🐞 Christian Studer
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-72925 (GCVE-0-2026-72925)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 14:45 – Updated: 2026-08-11 18:26
VLAI
Title
SWC HTML minifier may allow script element breakout when minifying embedded JSON
Summary
SWC is a TypeScript / JavaScript compiler written in Rust. Prior to @swc/html 1.15.47-nightly-20260729.1 and swc_html_minifier 59.0.0, the minifyJson processing in crates/swc_html_minifier/src/lib.rs parsed and serialized attacker-controlled JSON in application/json and application/ld+json script elements without the escape_json_for_html_script behavior to re-escape less-than signs, allowing a closing script sequence to terminate the element early and execute script in the generated page's origin. This issue is fixed in @swc/html 1.15.47-nightly-20260729.1 and swc_html_minifier 59.0.0.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-11 18:26 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-70609 (GCVE-0-2026-70609)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 17:32 – Updated: 2026-08-06 03:55
VLAI
Title
Electron: DevTools JavaScript Injection via Unsanitized Dock State Parameter
Summary
Electron is a framework for writing cross-platform desktop applications using JavaScript, HTML and CSS. Prior to 39.8.7, 40.9.0, 41.2.0, and 42.0.0-beta.1, the mode option of webContents.openDevTools() was not sanitized before use by the DevTools frontend. If an attacker can influence this value, script under their control may run in the DevTools context, which in unsandboxed configurations has access to Node.js, including when untrusted input reaches the mode argument of openDevTools() or untrusted content calls openDevTools() on a webview it embeds. This issue is fixed in 39.8.7, 40.9.0, 41.2.0, and 42.0.0-beta.1.
Severity
5.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
electron electron Affected: < 39.8.7
Affected: >= 40.0.0-alpha.1, < 40.9.0
Affected: >= 41.0.0-alpha.1, < 41.2.0
Affected: >= 42.0.0-alpha.1, < 42.0.0-beta.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-66486 (GCVE-0-2026-66486)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 10:25 – Updated: 2026-08-10 10:35 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
Improper Output Encoding in GNU cpio
Summary
GNU cpio is vulnerable to improper encoding or escaping of output in its archive member listing functionality. When listing archive members via cpio -it, member names are printed directly to output without quoting or escaping. An attacker can craft a cpio archive containing member names with embedded newline characters or ANSI escape sequences, causing forged listing entries or terminal control sequence injection when the listing is displayed. This issue has been fixed in commit 2ff9600c9ef32e88759843cdbde74c8db5ae9b30
Severity
4.6 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-10 10:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GNU cpio Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.15 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Michał Majchrowicz (AFINE Team) Marcin Wyczechowski (AFINE Team)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-64647 (GCVE-0-2026-64647)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 19:11 – Updated: 2026-07-27 19:27
VLAI
Title
Next.js: Response Body Cache Confusion with Invalid UTF-8 Request Bodies
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. In versions 12.0.0 through 15.5.20 and 16.0.0 through 16.2.10, a server-side fetch with a request body may return a cached response body from a different request to the same URL but different body. Confidential data in the POST's response body would then leak to unauthorized requests. Though the request itself will not be deduped. This is only an issue when receiving request bodies with a content type charset other than UTF-8. For example, the UTF-16 byte sequences for 삃삃 and 섄섄 in the request body would share the same cache. This issue has been fixed in versions 15.5.21 and 16.2.11.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 19:27 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
vercel next.js Affected: >= 13.0.0, < 15.5.21
Affected: >= 16.0.0, < 16.2.11
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-63397 (GCVE-0-2026-63397)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 19:14 – Updated: 2026-07-21 17:08
VLAI
Title
remorses/genql code injection
Summary
remorses/genql before version 6.3.4 allows an authenticated attacker with control of the GraphQL schema that is passed to genql to inject arbitrary JavaScript or TypeScript. The malicious code is injected into the generated schema.ts file and executes when the genql client is bundled and imported.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · cisa-cg (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 17:29 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
remorses genql Affected: 0 , < 6.3.4 (custom)
Unaffected: 6.3.4
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-11 00:00
Credits
Hamza Haroon
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-62184 (GCVE-0-2026-62184)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-13 21:30 – Updated: 2026-07-15 18:45 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
luci-app-banip Log Monitor IP Extraction Bypass
Summary
luci-app-banip contains a log parsing vulnerability where the awk-based parser extracts the first IPv4 address from log lines regardless of field position, allowing attackers to inject arbitrary IPs via attacker-controlled fields like usernames. An unauthenticated remote attacker can inject an IP address into the login username field, causing banIP to block the wrong target while the real attacker remains unblocked.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-15 18:45 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
openwrt luci-app-banip Affected: 0 , ≤ 0.11.1 (semver)
Unaffected: d9bbc372e29618a8807b693a1ccf6d0e42cd196c (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-28 00:00
Credits
lujie (@lujiefsi)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-59895 (GCVE-0-2026-59895)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-08 16:09 – Updated: 2026-07-08 19:41
VLAI
Title
Hono: Server-Side XSS via JSX Escaping Bypass in cx() Utility
Summary
Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. From 4.0.0 before 4.12.27, cx() in hono/css composes class names from plain strings but marks the result as already escaped without HTML-escaping the input, allowing untrusted className values used in a JSX class attribute during server-side rendering to break out of the attribute and inject arbitrary markup. This issue is fixed in version 4.12.27.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-08 17:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
honojs hono Affected: >= 4.0.0, < 4.12.27
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-59833 (GCVE-0-2026-59833)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-09 22:17 – Updated: 2026-07-10 14:17
VLAI
Title
SiYuan: Stored XSS to RCE in SiYuan via a per-attribute URL-scheme sanitizer gap in Lute (form action / SVG xlink:href)
Summary
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.1, SiYuan renders note and package content to HTML through the Lute engine with sanitization enabled, but Lute's dangerous javascript scheme block does not check form action or SVG xlink:href attributes, allowing stored cross-site scripting in document export-preview and Bazaar package README render paths that can execute OS commands in the Electron desktop renderer. This issue is fixed in versions 3.7.1.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-10 14:15 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
siyuan-note siyuan Affected: < 3.7.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.1, SiYuan renders note and package content to HTML through the Lute engine with sanitization enabled, but Lute\u0027s dangerous javascript scheme block does not check form action or SVG xlink:href attributes, allowing stored cross-site scripting in document export-preview and Bazaar package README render paths that can execute OS commands in the Electron desktop renderer. This issue is fixed in versions 3.7.1."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.6,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "ACTIVE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-79",
              "description": "CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-94",
              "description": "CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-116",
              "description": "CWE-116: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-09T22:17:05.933Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/security/advisories/GHSA-97xv-3v84-h358",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/security/advisories/GHSA-97xv-3v84-h358"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/commit/ebe252e61fb93f258d083b9da0fa403679fdf94a",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/commit/ebe252e61fb93f258d083b9da0fa403679fdf94a"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/releases/tag/v3.7.1",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/siyuan-note/siyuan/releases/tag/v3.7.1"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-97xv-3v84-h358",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "SiYuan: Stored XSS to RCE in SiYuan via a per-attribute URL-scheme sanitizer gap in Lute (form action / SVG xlink:href)"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-59833",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-09T22:17:05.933Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-07T15:00:50.979Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-10T14:17:16.135Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
  • Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

  • If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
  • For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).

Mitigation
Requirements

Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.

Mitigation
Implementation

When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.

CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename

An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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