CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2386 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-VVC9-R6M4-M5QF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-31 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-03 00:00IBM Security Identity Manager 6.0 and 6.0.2 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 206089
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29864"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-30T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Security Identity Manager 6.0 and 6.0.2 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 206089",
"id": "GHSA-vvc9-r6m4-m5qf",
"modified": "2022-09-03T00:00:17Z",
"published": "2022-08-31T00:00:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29864"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/206089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6616101"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVF8-2H68-9475
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-19 18:30 – Updated: 2024-12-20 17:54Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-w8gr-xwp4-r9f7. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
A misconfiguration flaw was found in Keycloak. This issue can allow an attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary URL if a 'Valid Redirect URI' is set to http://localhost or http://127.0.0.1, enabling sensitive information such as authorization codes to be exposed to the attacker, potentially leading to session hijacking.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-services"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "25.0.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-19T19:48:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-19T16:15:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "# Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-w8gr-xwp4-r9f7. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n# Original Description\nA misconfiguration flaw was found in Keycloak. This issue can allow an attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary URL if a \u0027Valid Redirect URI\u0027 is set to http://localhost or http://127.0.0.1, enabling sensitive information such as authorization codes to be exposed to the attacker, potentially leading to session hijacking.",
"id": "GHSA-vvf8-2h68-9475",
"modified": "2024-12-20T17:54:54Z",
"published": "2024-09-19T18:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8883"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/releases/tag/25.0.6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/blob/main/services/src/main/java/org/keycloak/protocol/oidc/utils/RedirectUtils.java"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2312511"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-8883"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:8826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:8824"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:8823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6890"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6889"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6887"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6882"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6880"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6879"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6878"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:10386"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:10385"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: Keycloak Open Redirect vulnerability",
"withdrawn": "2024-12-20T17:54:54Z"
}
GHSA-VVJ2-J66F-H239
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-14 18:30URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in John Darrel Hide My WP Ghost hide-my-wp allows Phishing.This issue affects Hide My WP Ghost: from n/a through < 7.0.00.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-39484"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in John Darrel Hide My WP Ghost hide-my-wp allows Phishing.This issue affects Hide My WP Ghost: from n/a through \u003c 7.0.00.",
"id": "GHSA-vvj2-j66f-h239",
"modified": "2026-04-14T18:30:29Z",
"published": "2026-04-08T09:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/hide-my-wp/vulnerability/wordpress-hide-my-wp-ghost-plugin-7-0-00-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVVV-983W-R7PV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 18:42 – Updated: 2026-05-13 14:19An open redirect vulnerability exists in AuthService.handleCallback due to insufficient validation of the returnPathname value derived from the OAuth state parameter.
The state parameter is round-tripped through the identity provider (IdP) and can be influenced by an attacker. The handleCallback function decodes and returns returnPathname without enforcing restrictions on origin or scheme. As a result, attacker-controlled values (e.g., https://evil.com/, //evil.com, or similar variants) may be returned to the application.
If this value is used directly in a redirect (e.g., via an HTTP Location header, framework redirect helpers, or client-side navigation), it may cause the user to be redirected to an external, attacker-controlled site.
Security Impact This issue may be used to facilitate phishing or user redirection attacks by leveraging the trust of the originating domain. For example, an attacker could craft a link that directs a user through a legitimate authentication flow and then redirects them to an external site.
The severity depends on how returnPathname is used by the application. Exploitation requires:
- The application to use
returnPathnameas a redirect target, and - The absence of downstream validation or allowlisting
This vulnerability does not enable authentication bypass, token disclosure, or direct account compromise on its own, but may increase the effectiveness of social engineering attacks when combined with user interaction.
Vulnerability Type CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (Open Redirect)
Patches Patched in https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/releases/tag/v0.5.1
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@workos/authkit-session"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.5.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42565"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-05T18:42:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T20:25:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability exists in `AuthService.handleCallback` due to insufficient validation of the `returnPathname` value derived from the OAuth `state` parameter.\n\nThe `state` parameter is round-tripped through the identity provider (IdP) and can be influenced by an attacker. The handleCallback function decodes and returns returnPathname without enforcing restrictions on origin or scheme. As a result, attacker-controlled values (e.g., `https://evil.com/`, `//evil.com`, or similar variants) may be returned to the application.\n\nIf this value is used directly in a redirect (e.g., via an HTTP `Location` header, framework redirect helpers, or client-side navigation), it may cause the user to be redirected to an external, attacker-controlled site.\n\n**Security Impact**\nThis issue may be used to facilitate phishing or user redirection attacks by leveraging the trust of the originating domain. For example, an attacker could craft a link that directs a user through a legitimate authentication flow and then redirects them to an external site.\n\nThe severity depends on how `returnPathname` is used by the application. Exploitation requires:\n\n* The application to use `returnPathname` as a redirect target, and\n* The absence of downstream validation or allowlisting\n\nThis vulnerability does not enable authentication bypass, token disclosure, or direct account compromise on its own, but may increase the effectiveness of social engineering attacks when combined with user interaction.\n\n**Vulnerability Type**\nCWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (Open Redirect)\n\n**Patches**\nPatched in https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/releases/tag/v0.5.1",
"id": "GHSA-vvvv-983w-r7pv",
"modified": "2026-05-13T14:19:01Z",
"published": "2026-05-05T18:42:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/security/advisories/GHSA-vvvv-983w-r7pv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42565"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/commit/f56e1d6214a93160759e5677b7a3d772b244db39"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/releases/tag/v0.5.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@workos/authkit-session has an Open Redirect via state-derived redirect target"
}
GHSA-VVXG-35HG-R5HR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:50The simple-301-redirects-addon-bulk-uploader plugin before 1.2.5 for WordPress has no protection against 301 redirect rule injection via a CSV file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15776"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-29T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The simple-301-redirects-addon-bulk-uploader plugin before 1.2.5 for WordPress has no protection against 301 redirect rule injection via a CSV file.",
"id": "GHSA-vvxg-35hg-r5hr",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:50:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15776"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://threatpost.com/wordpress-plugins-exploited-in-ongoing-attack-researchers-warn/147671"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/simple-301-redirects-addon-bulk-uploader/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpvulndb.com/vulnerabilities/9503"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VW4Q-9GCF-XHX2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:59 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:59IBM Emptoris Supplier Lifecycle Management 10.0.x and 10.1.x could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 118836.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-8949"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-09T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Emptoris Supplier Lifecycle Management 10.0.x and 10.1.x could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 118836.",
"id": "GHSA-vw4q-9gcf-xhx2",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:59:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:59:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-8949"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/118836"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22006854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100222"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VWM9-W486-J9VQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-19 03:30 – Updated: 2024-01-19 03:30IBM Storage Defender - Data Protect 1.0.0 through 1.4.1 is vulnerable to HTTP header injection, caused by improper validation of input by the HOST headers. This could allow an attacker to conduct various attacks against the vulnerable system, including cross-site scripting, cache poisoning or session hijacking. IBM X-Force ID: 276101.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-50963"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-19T02:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Storage Defender - Data Protect 1.0.0 through 1.4.1 is vulnerable to HTTP header injection, caused by improper validation of input by the HOST headers. This could allow an attacker to conduct various attacks against the vulnerable system, including cross-site scripting, cache poisoning or session hijacking. IBM X-Force ID: 276101.",
"id": "GHSA-vwm9-w486-j9vq",
"modified": "2024-01-19T03:30:22Z",
"published": "2024-01-19T03:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50963"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/276101"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7106918"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VWMM-7W98-R7P2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 21:32 – Updated: 2026-06-19 21:32Url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in Microsoft 365 Copilot's Business Chat allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47645"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-19T21:16:58Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Url redirection to untrusted site (\u0027open redirect\u0027) in Microsoft 365 Copilot\u0027s Business Chat allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-vwmm-7w98-r7p2",
"modified": "2026-06-19T21:32:48Z",
"published": "2026-06-19T21:32:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47645"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-47645"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VWXH-W8PQ-6Q99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-11 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-13 21:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Content Spoofing. This issue affects Drupal core versions: from 0.0.0 to 10.5.12, from 10.6.0 to 10.6.11, from 11.2.0 to 11.2.14, from 11.3.0 to 11.3.12, from 0.0.0 to 11.0., from 0.0.0 to 11.1..
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55806"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-10T22:16:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Content Spoofing. This issue affects Drupal core versions: from 0.0.0 to 10.5.12, from 10.6.0 to 10.6.11, from 11.2.0 to 11.2.14, from 11.3.0 to 11.3.12, from 0.0.0 to 11.0.*, from 0.0.0 to 11.1.*.",
"id": "GHSA-vwxh-w8pq-6q99",
"modified": "2026-07-13T21:31:18Z",
"published": "2026-07-11T00:31:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-55806"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-core-2026-007"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VWXJ-GPP4-VGCX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:37 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:37IBM Connections 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 135521.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1748"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-04T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Connections 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 135521.",
"id": "GHSA-vwxj-gpp4-vgcx",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:37:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:37:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1748"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/135521"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22016698"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.