CWE-88
Weakness AllowedImproper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.
Dimensions
- Behavior-Type: Neutralization
- Behavior-Property: Improper
- Input-Type: Argument Delimiters
- Other: Command
- Common-Name: Argument Injection
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
When creating commands using interpolation into a string, the developer may use whitespace or other delimiters that are required to separate arguments when the command. The developer might assume that only the arguments/options that they specify will be processed. This assumption may be even stronger when the programmer has encoded the command in a way that prevents separate commands from being provided maliciously, e.g. in the case of shell metacharacters to avoid OS command injection (CWE-78).
REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Relationship
At one layer of abstraction, this can overlap other weaknesses that have whitespace problems, e.g. injection of javascript into attributes of HTML tags.
Content history
Identified inappropriate demonstrative example, suggested new observed example, applicable language.
updated Time_of_Introduction
updated Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Other_Notes, Relationship_Notes
updated Observed_Examples
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Related_Attack_Patterns
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Common_Consequences
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Causal_Nature, Modes_of_Introduction, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships
updated Description, Name, References, Relationships
updated Description, Name, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description, Potential_Mitigations
updated Description, Detection_Factors, References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Observed_Examples
updated Functional_Areas
updated Applicable_Platforms, Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Dimensions, Modes_of_Introduction, Name, Observed_Examples, References
798 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-123014 (GCVE-0-2026-123014)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 05:25 – Updated: 2026-11-05 05:25- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://gitlab.com/gnachman/iterm2/-/commit/f2942… | patch |
| https://iterm2.com/downloads.html | release-notes |
| https://gitlab.com/gnachman/iterm2/-/commit/314ba… | patch |
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"programFiles": [
"sources/iTermSessionLauncher.m"
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"programRoutines": [
{
"name": "profileByModifyingProfile:toShowManPage:"
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{
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CVE-2026-121749 (GCVE-0-2026-121749)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 21:31 – Updated: 2026-11-04 21:31- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm/security/advisories… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm/commit/bce663e3873f… | patch |
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CVE-2026-119282 (GCVE-0-2026-119282)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 21:07 – Updated: 2026-11-03 16:50| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nrwl/nx/security/advisories/GH… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nrwl/nx/pull/36626 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nrwl/nx/commit/02c5d59e8dbbbe3… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nrwl/nx/commit/60196b7cfcffcad… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nrwl/nx/commit/c227f4780b054c5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nrwl/nx/releases/tag/22.7.9 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nrwl/nx/releases/tag/23.1.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-116252 (GCVE-0-2026-116252)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 19:55 – Updated: 2026-11-06 16:04| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/issues/10645 | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/pgadmin-org/pgadmin4/commit/a1… | patch |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pgadmin.org | pgAdmin 4 |
Affected:
0 , < 9.19
(custom)
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CVE-2026-115372 (GCVE-0-2026-115372)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 19:13 – Updated: 2026-10-29 02:28- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/lxc/incus/security/advisories/… | vendor-advisory |
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CVE-2026-113708 (GCVE-0-2026-113708)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 18:03 – Updated: 2026-10-20 18:43- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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| https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/pull/12299 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/commit/25bade… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user-gui… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/releases/tag/… | x_refsource_MISC |
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| https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/releases/tag/v3.5.4 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-112944 (GCVE-0-2026-112944)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 14:57 – Updated: 2026-10-20 15:23- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vitejs/launch-editor/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vitejs/launch-editor/pull/156 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-112900 (GCVE-0-2026-112900)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 22:07 – Updated: 2026-10-20 14:43| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/a2… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/releases/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-pillow | Pillow |
Affected:
>= 2.6.0, < 13.0.0
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CVE-2026-111813 (GCVE-0-2026-111813)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 18:20 – Updated: 2026-10-23 11:06- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/r95dq29ywcd1f4x30… | vendor-advisory |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
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| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Traffic Server |
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CVE-2026-111728 (GCVE-0-2026-111728)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-16 15:02 – Updated: 2026-10-16 17:06- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/5rahim/seanime/commit/d7b13706… | patch |
| https://github.com/5rahim/seanime | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/seanime-argu… | third-party-advisory |
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Mitigation
Strategy: Parameterization
Where possible, avoid building a single string that contains the command and its arguments. Some languages or frameworks have functions that support specifying independent arguments, e.g. as an array, which is used to automatically perform the appropriate quoting or escaping while building the command. For example, in PHP, escapeshellarg() can be used to escape a single argument to system(), or exec() can be called with an array of arguments. In C, code can often be refactored from using system() - which accepts a single string - to using exec(), which requires separate function arguments for each parameter.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your product: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, request headers as well as content, URL components, e-mail, files, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Perform input validation at well-defined interfaces.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Mitigation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
CAPEC-137: Parameter Injection
An adversary manipulates the content of request parameters for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some parameter encodings use text characters as separators. For example, parameters in a HTTP GET message are encoded as name-value pairs separated by an ampersand (&). If an attacker can supply text strings that are used to fill in these parameters, then they can inject special characters used in the encoding scheme to add or modify parameters. For example, if user input is fed directly into an HTTP GET request and the user provides the value "myInput&new_param=myValue", then the input parameter is set to myInput, but a new parameter (new_param) is also added with a value of myValue. This can significantly change the meaning of the query that is processed by the server. Any encoding scheme where parameters are identified and separated by text characters is potentially vulnerable to this attack - the HTTP GET encoding used above is just one example.
CAPEC-174: Flash Parameter Injection
An adversary takes advantage of improper data validation to inject malicious global parameters into a Flash file embedded within an HTML document. Flash files can leverage user-submitted data to configure the Flash document and access the embedding HTML document.
CAPEC-41: Using Meta-characters in E-mail Headers to Inject Malicious Payloads
This type of attack involves an attacker leveraging meta-characters in email headers to inject improper behavior into email programs. Email software has become increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich. In addition, email applications are ubiquitous and connected directly to the Web making them ideal targets to launch and propagate attacks. As the user demand for new functionality in email applications grows, they become more like browsers with complex rendering and plug in routines. As more email functionality is included and abstracted from the user, this creates opportunities for attackers. Virtually all email applications do not list email header information by default, however the email header contains valuable attacker vectors for the attacker to exploit particularly if the behavior of the email client application is known. Meta-characters are hidden from the user, but can contain scripts, enumerations, probes, and other attacks against the user's system.
CAPEC-460: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)
An adversary adds duplicate HTTP GET/POST parameters by injecting query string delimiters. Via HPP it may be possible to override existing hardcoded HTTP parameters, modify the application behaviors, access and, potentially exploit, uncontrollable variables, and bypass input validation checkpoints and WAF rules.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.