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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

16647 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-21429 (GCVE-0-2026-21429)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-02 17:23 – Updated: 2026-01-02 21:05
VLAI
Title
Emlog has Broken Access Control (BAC)
Summary
Emlog is an open source website building system. In version 2.5.23, the admin can set controls which makes users unable to edit or delete their articles after publishing them. As of time of publication, no known patched versions are available.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-02 21:05 UTC
CWE
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
emlog emlog Affected: = 2.5.23
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-20888 (GCVE-0-2026-20888)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-22 22:01 – Updated: 2026-01-23 21:54
VLAI
Title
Gitea Pull Requests Auto-Merge: Read-Only Users Can Cancel Scheduled Auto-Merge via Web Endpoint (Authorization Bypass)
Summary
Gitea does not properly verify authorization when canceling scheduled auto-merges via the web interface. A user with read access to pull requests may be able to cancel auto-merges scheduled by other users.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-23 21:09 UTC
CWE
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Gitea Gitea Open Source Git Server Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.25.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-20495 (GCVE-0-2026-20495)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 02:06 – Updated: 2026-08-05 13:34
VLAI
Summary
In Bluetooth driver, there is a possible permission bypass due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: WCNCR00488300; Issue ID: MSV-7296.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-05 03:56 UTC
CWE
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MediaTek, Inc. MediaTek chipset Affected: MT7902
Affected: MT7920
Affected: MT7921
Affected: MT7922
Affected: MT7925
Affected: MT7927
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-20483 (GCVE-0-2026-20483)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-03 02:05 – Updated: 2026-08-05 03:56
VLAI
Summary
In Telephony, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS11087526; Issue ID: MSV-8243.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 00:00 UTC
CWE
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MediaTek, Inc. MediaTek chipset Affected: MT6739
Affected: MT6761
Affected: MT6765
Affected: MT6768
Affected: MT6781
Affected: MT6789
Affected: MT6833
Affected: MT6835
Affected: MT6853
Affected: MT6855
Affected: MT6877
Affected: MT6878
Affected: MT6879
Affected: MT6883
Affected: MT6885
Affected: MT6886
Affected: MT6889
Affected: MT6893
Affected: MT6895
Affected: MT6897
Affected: MT6983
Affected: MT6985
Affected: MT6989
Affected: MT6991
Affected: MT6993
Affected: MT8766
Affected: MT8766R
Affected: MT8768
Affected: MT8775
Affected: MT8781
Affected: MT8792
Affected: MT8796
Affected: MT8873
Affected: MT8883
Affected: MT8893
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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GCVE-1-2026-20267 (CVE-2026-91846)

Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-15 08:36 – Updated: 2026-09-15 08:36
VLAI
Title
MISP Collection Element Add Missing Authorization on Referenced Object UUID
Summary
Affected versions of MISP allow a collection element to be created from a bare UUID without consistently checking whether the acting user is allowed to access the referenced object. The commit explains that collection elements themselves only store UUIDs, while the collection view later resolves those UUIDs into their underlying objects. Before this fix, the generic add() path could therefore persist a UUID for an Event or Galaxy Cluster that the caller could not normally read. The patch explicitly notes that this made collections a way to reference another organisation’s private data and had caused disclosure of organisation-only events in the beta collection view. The fix centralizes authorization in __assertCanUseElements(). Event UUIDs are validated through Event::fetchSimpleEvent() under the current user’s ACL, while Galaxy Cluster UUIDs are checked through GalaxyCluster::fetchGalaxyClusters(). The check is applied both to the CRUD add() path and to addElementToCollection(). Version affected: ≤2.5.45
CWE
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
GNA-1 This instance
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , < 2.5.46 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
GCVE extensions
AI involvement GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Whole record AI-generated Review: review GNA-1

Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.

ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
Model Source Identifier
qwen3.8:27b ollama qwen3.8:27b
Patch provenance GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
Generator
patch2vuln.py on 2026-09-15 08:32
Model
qwen3.8:27b
Input
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/334d53709.patch 259d46cb7727…
Confidence
medium
Commit Subject Patch SHA-256
334d53709597 fix: [acl] Authorise the object a collection element points 259d46cb7727…
Fix summary

The fix introduces a dedicated __assertCanUseElements() authorization guard that is invoked in the beforeSave callback of the add() CRUD path (covering both form and REST submission) and in addElementToCollection(). For each element UUID, the method resolves the element type (deducing it if the caller omitted the field, preventing bypass by omission) and performs an ACL-aware lookup: for Events it calls fetchSimpleEvent() scoped to the current user, and for GalaxyClusters it calls fetchGalaxyClusters() with the user context. If the object does not exist or the caller lacks access, a NotFoundException is raised and the save is aborted. This ensures that no collection element can reference an object the caller is not authorized to read.

Patch summary

In app/Controller/CollectionElementsController.php, a new private method __assertCanUseElements() is added (approximately 45 lines) that iterates over normalized element UUIDs, deduces the element type when not explicitly supplied, and performs an ACL-scoped existence check via Event::fetchSimpleEvent() or GalaxyCluster::fetchGalaxyClusters(). The add() method's beforeSave closure is modified to call this guard before persisting the row. The addElementToCollection() method is refactored to replace its inline Event-only check with a call to the same __assertCanUseElements() helper, gaining GalaxyCluster coverage. Net change: 53 insertions, 12 deletions in one file.

CVSS rationale

AV:N: MISP is a network-accessible web application. AC:L: The attacker simply submits a UUID to the existing add endpoint; no race condition or complex bypass is needed. AT:N: No prior compromise or user interaction is required. PR:L: An authenticated MISP user with permission to manage collection elements is required. UI:N: No victim interaction is needed; the disclosure occurs when the attacker views their own collection. VC:L: The attacker gains read access to Events or GalaxyClusters belonging to other organizations or restricted scopes. VI:L: Unauthorized references are persisted in the collection, altering data integrity. VA:N: No availability impact. SC/SI/SA:N: No impact on adjacent systems.

Weakness rationale
  • CWE-862 The add() method stored collection element UUIDs without performing any authorization check on the referenced object. The fix adds an explicit ACL verification step before persistence, confirming the original code lacked the required authorization control.
  • CWE-639 The attacker-supplied UUID (a user-controlled key) was accepted and stored without verifying that the caller held a valid access grant for that specific object, allowing reference to objects outside the caller's authorized scope.
Assumptions to verify
  • The affected version range is not explicitly stated in the patch; the tag boundary indicates the fix is 204 commits after v2.5.46, but the exact fixed release version is unconfirmed.
  • PR:L assumes the attacker needs only a basic authenticated MISP account with collection-element management rights; if a higher privilege level is required, PR should be raised.
  • The commit message references 'V17' as a related disclosure scenario; this is treated as internal context and not used to expand the affected scope.
  • The deduceType() fallback path is assumed to be reachable by an attacker omitting the element_type field, which the patch explicitly guards against.
Model comparison

Selected qwen3.8:27b by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.

Model Score Agreement Confidence Assumptions
qwen3.8:27b 6 9 medium 4

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GCVE-1-2026-20249 (CVE-2026-86347)

Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-07 09:30 – Updated: 2026-09-07 09:30
VLAI
Title
MISP Missing Authorization on Template File Upload Allows Authenticated Disk Exhaustion
Summary
Affected versions of MISP allow any authenticated user to access TemplatesController::uploadFile() because the ACL entry for templates/uploadFile used the wildcard *. This bypasses the intended role restrictions applied to neighboring template-management operations. The upload handler accepts arbitrary content with only minimal checks and writes it into app/tmp/files/. A low-privileged or read-only user can therefore repeatedly upload files and consume server disk space without requiring perm_add or perm_template. The fix changes the ACL requirement from * to perm_add. The commit also rules out stronger impacts: uploaded files receive random names, path traversal/predictable overwrite is not available, the temporary directory is outside the web root, and the files are not directly served over HTTP. Therefore, the issue should not be described as arbitrary file overwrite, stored XSS, or RCE. Version affected: ≤2.5.45
CWE
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
  • CWE-400 - Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
Assigner
GNA-1 This instance
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.5.45 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.

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GCVE-1-2026-20228 (CVE-2026-86408)

Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-07 12:11 – Updated: 2026-09-07 12:11
VLAI
Title
MISP Missing Authorization in Cryptographic Key View Exposes Signing Keys from Protected Events
Summary
Affected versions of MISP do not enforce parent-event visibility when serving cryptographic keys through CryptographicKeysController::view(). The vulnerable handler queried CryptographicKey directly using the supplied key ID and selected sensitive fields such as: * type * key_data * fingerprint but did not fetch or authorize the associated parent event first. The upstream commit explicitly states that cryptographicKeys/view could return a protected event’s signing key to any authenticated user. The fix adds parent_id and parent_type to the lookup and then enforces authorization through the associated event using fetchSimpleEvent($user, parent_id). If the parent is not an Event, access is limited to site administrators. Version affected: ≤2.5.45
CWE
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Assigner
GNA-1 This instance
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.5.45 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.

{
  "containers": {
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      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "MISP",
          "programFiles": [
            "app/Controller/CryptographicKeysController.php"
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          "repo": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP",
          "vendor": "MISP",
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          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Scottish Government - National Cyber Team"
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          "lang": "en",
          "type": "remediation developer",
          "value": "iglocska"
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        {
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          "type": "remediation developer",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eAffected versions of MISP do not enforce parent-event visibility when serving cryptographic keys through \u003ccode\u003eCryptographicKeysController::view()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe vulnerable handler queried \u003ccode\u003eCryptographicKey\u003c/code\u003e directly using the supplied key ID and selected sensitive fields such as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003etype\u003c/code\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003ekey_data\u003c/code\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003efingerprint\u003c/code\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebut did not fetch or authorize the associated parent event first.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe upstream commit explicitly states that \u003ccode\u003ecryptographicKeys/view\u003c/code\u003e could return a \u003cstrong\u003eprotected event\u2019s signing key to any authenticated user\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fix adds \u003ccode\u003eparent_id\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eparent_type\u003c/code\u003e to the lookup and then enforces authorization through the associated event using \u003ccode\u003efetchSimpleEvent($user, parent_id)\u003c/code\u003e. If the parent is not an Event, access is limited to site administrators.\u003c/p\u003eVersion affected: \u22642.5.45\u003cbr\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Affected versions of MISP do not enforce parent-event visibility when serving cryptographic keys through CryptographicKeysController::view().\n\n\nThe vulnerable handler queried CryptographicKey directly using the supplied key ID and selected sensitive fields such as:\n\n\n\n  *  \ntype\n\n\n  *  \nkey_data\n\n\n  *  \nfingerprint\n\n\n\n\n\nbut did not fetch or authorize the associated parent event first.\n\n\nThe upstream commit explicitly states that cryptographicKeys/view could return a protected event\u2019s signing key to any authenticated user.\n\n\nThe fix adds parent_id and parent_type to the lookup and then enforces authorization through the associated event using fetchSimpleEvent($user, parent_id). If the parent is not an Event, access is limited to site administrators.\n\nVersion affected: \u22642.5.45"
        }
      ],
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        {
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            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-1 Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs"
            }
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      ],
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        {
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            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
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            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
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            "baseScore": 7.1,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
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            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
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            "version": "4.0",
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          "descriptions": [
            {
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              "description": "CWE-862 Missing Authorization",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-639",
              "description": "CWE-639 Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
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      "providerMetadata": {
        "orgId": "00000000-0000-4000-9000-000000000000"
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          "tags": [
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          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/2edde619b"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "MISP Missing Authorization in Cryptographic Key View Exposes Signing Keys from Protected Events",
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GCVE-1-2026-20223 (CVE-2026-86451)

Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-07 12:59 – Updated: 2026-09-07 12:59
VLAI
Title
MISP Event Graph Object Reference Lookup Exposes References from Unauthorized Objects
Summary
Affected versions of MISP allow authenticated users to retrieve object-reference records by UUID through EventGraphTool::get_reference_data() without first checking whether the requester is authorized to view the object the reference belongs to. The vulnerable code queried ObjectReference.uuid directly and returned the matching row whenever it existed. Because no parent-object ACL was applied, a user who knew or obtained a reference UUID could retrieve information associated with an object outside their normal access scope. The commit explicitly states that any object reference could be returned by UUID without authorizing its parent object. The fix retrieves the referenced object's object_id and calls fetchObjectSimple() with the current user. If the user cannot access that parent object, MISP now returns NotFoundException instead of exposing the reference. Version affected: ≤2.5.45
CWE
  • CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
Assigner
GNA-1 This instance
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.5.45 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.

{
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          "programFiles": [
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          "vendor": "MISP",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eAffected versions of MISP allow authenticated users to retrieve object-reference records by UUID through \u003ccode\u003eEventGraphTool::get_reference_data()\u003c/code\u003e without first checking whether the requester is authorized to view the object the reference belongs to.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe vulnerable code queried \u003ccode\u003eObjectReference.uuid\u003c/code\u003e directly and returned the matching row whenever it existed. Because no parent-object ACL was applied, a user who knew or obtained a reference UUID could retrieve information associated with an object outside their normal access scope. The commit explicitly states that \u003cstrong\u003eany object reference could be returned by UUID without authorizing its parent object\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fix retrieves the referenced object\u0027s \u003ccode\u003eobject_id\u003c/code\u003e and calls \u003ccode\u003efetchObjectSimple()\u003c/code\u003e with the current user. If the user cannot access that parent object, MISP now returns \u003ccode\u003eNotFoundException\u003c/code\u003e instead of exposing the reference.\u003c/p\u003eVersion affected: \u22642.5.45\u003cbr\u003e"
            }
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        }
      ],
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              "lang": "en",
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            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
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            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
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            }
          ]
        },
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          "descriptions": [
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GCVE-1-2026-20216 (CVE-2026-86441)

Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-07 12:39 – Updated: 2026-09-07 12:39
VLAI
Title
MISP Dashboard Organisation Widgets Bypass Organisation-Index Restrictions and Expose Hidden Organisation Data
Summary
Affected versions of MISP contain inconsistent authorization checks across dashboard widgets that display organisation information. Several organisation-related widgets did not honor Security.hide_organisation_index_from_users. As a result, authenticated users without the perm_sharing_group permission could enumerate organisations even though the normal organisation index was intentionally hidden from them. The affected widgets included paths that: * returned organisation names and identifiers; * could expose additional organisation database fields through JSON export because unrestricted find('all') queries fetched full rows; * accepted limit=0 or negative values in a way that could effectively remove the result limit and return the entire organisation table. A related organisation-contributor leaderboard also ignored the same visibility setting. Its handler counted Event.orgc_id across the entire event table and mapped those IDs to organisation names, revealing every organisation with events regardless of whether the caller could see any of those events. The fix withdraws this widget entirely for users who lack organisation-index visibility. Version affected: ≤2.5.45
CWE
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
  • CWE-200 - Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
Assigner
GNA-1 This instance
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.5.45 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.

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            "app/Lib/Dashboard/OrgContributionToplistWidget.php"
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            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
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            "version": "4.0",
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            }
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              "type": "CWE"
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          "url": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/5e333a159.patch"
        }
      ],
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        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
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GCVE-1-2026-20196 (CVE-2026-86342)

Vulnerability from gna-1 – Published: 2026-09-07 09:02 – Updated: 2026-09-07 09:06
VLAI
Title
MISP Freetext Feed Preview Improper Authorization Exposes Restricted Event and Feed Information
Summary
Affected versions of MISP contain improper authorization checks in the freetext feed preview functionality. The preview performed correlation lookups against attributes from events without applying the requesting user's ACL, allowing restricted event correlations and associated event information to be exposed to users who could not otherwise access those events. The vulnerable queries were scoped only by attribute values and deletion status rather than MISP's event, organization, sharing-group, attribute, and object-level access controls. The same preview functionality also returned cross-feed correlation information without properly restricting the feed list to feeds visible to the caller. This exposed metadata for feeds that were not marked lookup_visible; one affected response additionally included the configured feed URL even though that value was not required by the feature. The fixes apply the caller's ACL to attribute correlation searches, remove feed URLs from correlation results, restrict cross-feed results according to feed visibility, and correct host-organization ID comparison so the authorization rules are applied consistently. Version affected: ≤2.5.45
CWE
Assigner
GNA-1 This instance
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.5.45 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.

{
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            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
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            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
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            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
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          "url": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/dedb4b297"
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      "title": "MISP Freetext Feed Preview Improper Authorization Exposes Restricted Event and Feed Information",
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    "cveId": "CVE-2026-86342",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-07T09:02:00.000Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-09-07T09:02:00.000Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-07T09:06:12.254878Z",
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.