CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M2RP-964H-H237
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-04 15:31 – Updated: 2025-03-04 18:33Websites redirecting to a non-HTTP scheme URL could allow a website address to be spoofed for a malicious page This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS < 136.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27424"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-04T14:15:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Websites redirecting to a non-HTTP scheme URL could allow a website address to be spoofed for a malicious page This vulnerability affects Firefox for iOS \u003c 136.",
"id": "GHSA-m2rp-964h-h237",
"modified": "2025-03-04T18:33:41Z",
"published": "2025-03-04T15:31:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27424"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1945392"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M2X7-W5HF-V68G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-05 18:30 – Updated: 2023-06-05 18:30A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in WooSidebars Plugin up to 1.4.1 on WordPress. Affected by this issue is the function enable_custom_post_sidebars of the file classes/class-woo-sidebars.php. The manipulation of the argument sendback leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 1.4.2 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as 1ac6d6ac26e185673f95fc1ccc56a392169ba601. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-230654 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-10114"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-05T16:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in WooSidebars Plugin up to 1.4.1 on WordPress. Affected by this issue is the function enable_custom_post_sidebars of the file classes/class-woo-sidebars.php. The manipulation of the argument sendback leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 1.4.2 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as 1ac6d6ac26e185673f95fc1ccc56a392169ba601. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-230654 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-m2x7-w5hf-v68g",
"modified": "2023-06-05T18:30:27Z",
"published": "2023-06-05T18:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-10114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wp-plugins/woosidebars/commit/1ac6d6ac26e185673f95fc1ccc56a392169ba601"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.230654"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.230654"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M47G-6X2G-P32R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:15 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:15Open redirect vulnerability in Cloudera HUE before 3.10.0 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the next parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-8094"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-05-22T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Cloudera HUE before 3.10.0 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the next parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-m47g-6x2g-p32r",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:15:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:15:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-8094"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cloudera/hue/pull/346"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.cloudera.org/browse/HUE-3626"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.harmfultrust.com/p/advisories.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://cloudera.github.io/hue/latest/release-notes/release-notes-3.10.0.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4QQ-492W-2QW2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-29 20:06 – Updated: 2022-09-02 00:01HCL iNotes is susceptible to a link to non-existent domain vulnerability. An attacker could use this vulnerability to trick a user into supplying sensitive information such as username, password, credit card number, etc.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-27547"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-29T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "HCL iNotes is susceptible to a link to non-existent domain vulnerability. An attacker could use this vulnerability to trick a user into supplying sensitive information such as username, password, credit card number, etc.",
"id": "GHSA-m4qq-492w-2qw2",
"modified": "2022-09-02T00:01:02Z",
"published": "2022-08-29T20:06:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27547"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcltechsw.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0100212"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M4W9-GCH5-C2G4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-06 18:54 – Updated: 2026-02-06 21:43Summary
Versions 0.2.1 and 0.3.0 of client-certificate-auth contain an open redirect vulnerability. The middleware unconditionally redirects HTTP requests to HTTPS using the unvalidated Host header, allowing an attacker to redirect users to arbitrary domains.
Vulnerable Code
// lib/clientCertificateAuth.js (versions 0.2.1, 0.3.0)
if (!req.secure && req.header('x-forwarded-proto') != 'https') {
return res.redirect('https://' + req.header('host') + req.url);
}
Attack Scenario
- Attacker crafts a link:
http://vulnerable-app.example.com/login - When victim clicks, attacker intercepts and injects header:
Host: attacker.com - Server responds:
302 Found → https://attacker.com/login - Victim is redirected to attacker-controlled site
Impact
- Phishing: Attackers can use trusted domain links to redirect victims to credential-harvesting pages
- OAuth/SSO Token Theft: In authentication flows, authorization codes or tokens may leak via redirect
- Referer Leakage: Sensitive URL parameters may be exposed to attacker domains via the Referer header
- Cache Poisoning: In deployments with shared caches, malicious redirects may be cached and served to other users
Exploitability
Exploitation requires that HTTP traffic reaches the Node.js application without TLS termination setting x-forwarded-proto: https. This condition is uncommon in production deployments behind modern reverse proxies or load balancers, which limits real-world exploitability.
Fix
The vulnerable redirect behavior has been completely removed in version 1.0.0.
npm install client-certificate-auth@^1.0.0
Workarounds
If upgrading is not immediately possible:
- Block HTTP traffic at the network/load balancer level
- Ensure your reverse proxy always sets
x-forwarded-proto: https - Add middleware before
clientCertificateAuthto validate theHostheader against an allowlist
References
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "client-certificate-auth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.2.1"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25651"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-06T18:54:33Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-06T19:16:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nVersions 0.2.1 and 0.3.0 of `client-certificate-auth` contain an open redirect vulnerability. The middleware unconditionally redirects HTTP requests to HTTPS using the unvalidated `Host` header, allowing an attacker to redirect users to arbitrary domains.\n\n### Vulnerable Code\n\n```javascript\n// lib/clientCertificateAuth.js (versions 0.2.1, 0.3.0)\nif (!req.secure \u0026\u0026 req.header(\u0027x-forwarded-proto\u0027) != \u0027https\u0027) {\n return res.redirect(\u0027https://\u0027 + req.header(\u0027host\u0027) + req.url);\n}\n```\n\n### Attack Scenario\n\n1. Attacker crafts a link: `http://vulnerable-app.example.com/login`\n2. When victim clicks, attacker intercepts and injects header: `Host: attacker.com`\n3. Server responds: `302 Found \u2192 https://attacker.com/login`\n4. Victim is redirected to attacker-controlled site\n\n### Impact\n\n- **Phishing**: Attackers can use trusted domain links to redirect victims to credential-harvesting pages\n- **OAuth/SSO Token Theft**: In authentication flows, authorization codes or tokens may leak via redirect\n- **Referer Leakage**: Sensitive URL parameters may be exposed to attacker domains via the Referer header\n- **Cache Poisoning**: In deployments with shared caches, malicious redirects may be cached and served to other users\n\n### Exploitability\n\nExploitation requires that HTTP traffic reaches the Node.js application without TLS termination setting `x-forwarded-proto: https`. This condition is uncommon in production deployments behind modern reverse proxies or load balancers, which limits real-world exploitability.\n\n### Fix\n\nThe vulnerable redirect behavior has been completely removed in version 1.0.0.\n\n```bash\nnpm install client-certificate-auth@^1.0.0\n```\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf upgrading is not immediately possible:\n\n1. Block HTTP traffic at the network/load balancer level\n2. Ensure your reverse proxy always sets `x-forwarded-proto: https`\n3. Add middleware before `clientCertificateAuth` to validate the `Host` header against an allowlist\n\n### References\n\n- [CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/601.html)\n- [OWASP: Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Unvalidated_Redirects_and_Forwards_Cheat_Sheet.html)\n- [Fix Commit](https://github.com/tgies/client-certificate-auth/commit/8fc995e953db483495be46862965e50fe9e1cc52)",
"id": "GHSA-m4w9-gch5-c2g4",
"modified": "2026-02-06T21:43:18Z",
"published": "2026-02-06T18:54:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tgies/client-certificate-auth/security/advisories/GHSA-m4w9-gch5-c2g4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tgies/client-certificate-auth/commit/8fc995e953db483495be46862965e50fe9e1cc52"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/tgies/client-certificate-auth"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tgies/client-certificate-auth/releases/tag/v1.0.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "client-certificate-auth Vulnerable to Open Redirect via Host Header Injection in HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect"
}
GHSA-M55R-9FX8-725J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-12 21:32 – Updated: 2025-12-20 03:00An open redirect vulnerability in the System Settings in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.101, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4 , 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the _com_liferay_configuration_admin_web_portlet_SystemSettingsPortlet_redirect parameter.
An open redirect vulnerability in the Instance Settings in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.101, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the _com_liferay_configuration_admin_web_portlet_InstanceSettingsPortlet_redirect parameter.
An open redirect vulnerability in the Site Settings in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.101, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the _com_liferay_site_admin_web_portlet_SiteSettingsPortlet_redirect parameter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay:com.liferay.configuration.admin.web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.7"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.76"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay:com.liferay.site.admin.web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.4"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.103"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43795"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-15T13:46:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-12T20:15:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability in the System Settings in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.101, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4 , 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the _com_liferay_configuration_admin_web_portlet_SystemSettingsPortlet_redirect parameter.\n\nAn open redirect vulnerability in the Instance Settings in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.101, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the _com_liferay_configuration_admin_web_portlet_InstanceSettingsPortlet_redirect parameter.\n\nAn open redirect vulnerability in the Site Settings in Liferay Portal 7.1.0 through 7.4.3.101, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external URLs via the _com_liferay_site_admin_web_portlet_SiteSettingsPortlet_redirect parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-m55r-9fx8-725j",
"modified": "2025-12-20T03:00:39Z",
"published": "2025-09-12T21:32:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43795"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/81b2bdf2f48dbd467718ccc95c5bba31e5985fab"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal/commit/cf23864f2b7a0e346f42961e0ad6c7ef5facb2b4"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/CVE-2025-43795"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal\u0027s System, Instance and Site Settings are vulnerable to Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-M5FR-FG72-32GG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Zendesk allows Phishing. This issue affects WP Gravity Forms Zendesk: from n/a through 1.1.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-47456"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T15:15:59Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Zendesk allows Phishing. This issue affects WP Gravity Forms Zendesk: from n/a through 1.1.2.",
"id": "GHSA-m5fr-fg72-32gg",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:01Z",
"published": "2025-05-07T15:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47456"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/gf-zendesk/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-gravity-forms-zendesk-1-1-2-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M5P7-7H63-F228
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:54Micro Focus Solution Business Manager versions prior to 11.4.2 is susceptible to open redirect.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3477"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-07T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Micro Focus Solution Business Manager versions prior to 11.4.2 is susceptible to open redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-m5p7-7h63-f228",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:54:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3477"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://help.serena.com/doc_center/sbm/ver11_4_2/sbm_release_notes.htm"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M5Q3-MVCR-GC5M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-27 23:02 – Updated: 2024-05-27 23:02A carefully constructed malformed URL can be used to circumvent the offsite redirection protection used on BackURL parameters. This could lead to users entering sensitive data in malicious websites instead of the intended one.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "silverstripe/framework"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0-rc1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.0.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "silverstripe/framework"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.1.0-rc1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-27T23:02:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A carefully constructed malformed URL can be used to circumvent the offsite redirection protection used on `BackURL` parameters. This could lead to users entering sensitive data in malicious websites instead of the intended one.",
"id": "GHSA-m5q3-mvcr-gc5m",
"modified": "2024-05-27T23:02:56Z",
"published": "2024-05-27T23:02:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework/commit/9053014a7e2eba28d000881e0bb3cc1d6e6b2eea"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/silverstripe/framework/SS-2018-008-1.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.silverstripe.org/download/security-releases/ss-2018-008"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "silverstripe/framework BackURL validation bypass with malformed URLs"
}
GHSA-M67Q-P7GJ-2WG9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:12 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:12Affected versions of Atlassian Jira Server and Data Center allow remote attackers to redirect users to a malicious URL via a reverse tabnapping vulnerability in the Project Shortcuts feature. The affected versions are before version 8.5.15, from version 8.6.0 before 8.13.7, from version 8.14.0 before 8.17.1, and from version 8.18.0 before 8.18.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-39112"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-25T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Affected versions of Atlassian Jira Server and Data Center allow remote attackers to redirect users to a malicious URL via a reverse tabnapping vulnerability in the Project Shortcuts feature. The affected versions are before version 8.5.15, from version 8.6.0 before 8.13.7, from version 8.14.0 before 8.17.1, and from version 8.18.0 before 8.18.1.",
"id": "GHSA-m67q-p7gj-2wg9",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:12:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:12:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-39112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/JRASERVER-72433"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.