Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-409

Allowed

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product does not handle or incorrectly handles a compressed input with a very high compression ratio that produces a large output.

194 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-54556 (GCVE-0-2026-54556)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-26 14:10 – Updated: 2026-08-29 02:38
VLAI
Title
Http4s: HTTP/2 Denial of Service with Ember Backend
Summary
Http4s is a Scala interface for HTTP services. Prior to 0.23.35 and 1.0.0-M47, an unauthenticated HTTP/2 peer can cause an out-of-memory denial of service in the Ember backend with HTTP/2 enabled. The Hpack wrapper in ember-core/shared/src/main/scala/org/http4s/ember/core/h2/Hpack.scala concatenates HEADERS and CONTINUATION frame fragments and decodes them into a single List, but maxHeaderSize accounting does not include indexed headers or HPACK per-header overhead. A small compressed header block can therefore expand into a much larger decoded representation that remains in memory for processing. Servers exposed to untrusted HTTP/2 traffic and clients directed to an untrusted HTTP/2 server are affected, and concurrent malicious connections can exhaust the process heap. This issue is fixed in versions 0.23.35 and 1.0.0-M47.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-29 02:38 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
http4s http4s Affected: < 0.23.35
Affected: >= 1.0.0-M1, < 1.0.0-M46
Create a notification for this product.
org.http4s http4s-ember-core_2.12 Affected: < 0.23.35
Create a notification for this product.
org.http4s http4s-ember-core_2.13 Affected: >= 1.0.0-M1, < 1.0.0-M46
Affected: < 0.23.35
Create a notification for this product.
org.http4s http4s-ember-core_3 Affected: >= 1.0.0-M1, < 1.0.0-M46
Affected: < 0.23.35
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-54314 (GCVE-0-2026-54314)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 15:33 – Updated: 2026-06-24 13:56
VLAI
Title
n8n: Denial of Service via ZIP decompression in webhook workflow
Summary
n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to 2.24.0, the Compression node's Decompress operation expanded attacker-controlled archives into memory without enforcing limits on decompressed output size. An unauthenticated attacker could send a small compressed archive to a public webhook workflow using this node, causing the n8n process to terminate due to memory exhaustion and disrupting all workflows in the same instance. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.24.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-24 13:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n8n-io n8n Affected: < 2.24.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-54278 (GCVE-0-2026-54278)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 16:38 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:10
VLAI
Title
AIOHTTP: Unread Compressed Request Bodies Bypass client_max_size During Cleanup
Summary
AIOHTTP is an asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio and Python. Prior to 3.14.1, during cleanup it is possible for a compressed request body to be decompressed into memory in one chunk. An attacker may be able to send a compressed payload in specific situations that could be decompressed into memory, potentially leading to DoS (a zip bomb edge case). This vulnerability is fixed in 3.14.1.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 13:51 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
aio-libs aiohttp Affected: < 3.14.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-54233 (GCVE-0-2026-54233)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-22 22:10 – Updated: 2026-06-23 12:15
VLAI
Title
vLLM: OOM Denial of Service via Audio Decompression Bomb
Summary
vLLM is an inference and serving engine for large language models (LLMs). Prior to 0.23.1rc0, vLLM's /v1/audio/transcriptions endpoint limits compressed upload size but not decoded PCM output. A 25MB OPUS file expands to ~14.9GB of float32 PCM at decode time. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.23.1rc0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-23 12:15 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
vllm-project vllm Affected: < 0.23.1rc0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-53524 (GCVE-0-2026-53524)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 22:18 – Updated: 2026-08-24 20:09
VLAI
Title
WeeChat has a Decompression Bomb in Relay WebSocket (DoS)
Summary
WeeChat (Wee Enhanced Environment for Chat) is a free chat client. In versions 4.3.0 through 4.9.0, the WeeChat relay module's WebSocket permessage-deflate decompression function relay_websocket_inflate() has no upper bound on output size. An authenticated relay user can send a small compressed WebSocket frame (~100 bytes) that decompresses to gigabytes, exhausting all server memory and crashing the entire WeeChat process. The api protocol enables permessage-deflate and requires authentication before WebSocket upgrade. Version 4.9.1 patches the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 20:09 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
weechat weechat Affected: >= 4.3.0, < 4.9.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-53430 (GCVE-0-2026-53430)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-15 21:55 – Updated: 2026-06-17 04:46
VLAI
Title
grpc gzip decompression bomb in GRPC.Compressor.Gzip.decompress/1
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in elixir-grpc grpc (GRPC.Compressor.Gzip, GRPC.Message modules) allows a denial of service via a gzip decompression bomb. This vulnerability is associated with program files lib/grpc/compressor/gzip.ex, lib/grpc/message.ex and program routines 'Elixir.GRPC.Compressor.Gzip':decompress/1, 'Elixir.GRPC.Message':from_data/2. 'Elixir.GRPC.Compressor.Gzip':decompress/1 calls :zlib.gunzip/1 directly on attacker-controlled bytes with no decompressed-size limit, ratio check, or incremental decoding. Because this module is the registered gzip GRPC.Compressor implementation, it is invoked automatically whenever an incoming gRPC frame carries the grpc-encoding: gzip header. :zlib.gunzip/1 allocates the entire decompressed result as a single binary, so a small highly compressible payload (for example a few kilobytes of zeros, which gzip compresses at roughly 1000:1) expands to multiple gigabytes inside a single call. The max_receive_message_length limit is enforced only against the already-decompressed message, so it provides no protection. An unauthenticated remote peer can send a single crafted frame to exhaust the BEAM node's heap and trigger an out-of-memory kill. This issue affects grpc: from 0.4.0 before 1.0.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-16 14:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
elixir-grpc grpc Affected: 0.4.0 , < 1.0.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:elixir-grpc:grpc:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
elixir-grpc grpc Affected: beae6800fc8baf126f3fe7107d86a50e105275ba , < 1afbab9d57d2a3e16ca9c62ffa4923338ea96cfc (git)
    cpe:2.3:a:elixir-grpc:grpc:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-49855 (GCVE-0-2026-49855)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 20:45 – Updated: 2026-07-16 14:56
VLAI
Title
tornado AsyncHTTPClient accumulates decompressed chunks without size limit (gzip bomb)
Summary
Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Prior to 6.5.6, Tornado gzip decompression routines processed limited-size chunks but did not enforce an overall limit on accumulated decompressed chunks, allowing a malicious server accessed by SimpleAsyncHTTPClient or an HTTPServer configured with decompress_request=True to consume effectively unlimited memory. This issue is fixed in version 6.5.6.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-16 14:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tornadoweb tornado Affected: < 6.5.6
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-49755 (GCVE-0-2026-49755)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-08 15:20 – Updated: 2026-06-08 17:14
VLAI
Title
Decompression bomb DoS in Req via auto-decoded archive and compressed response bodies
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in wojtekmach Req allows attacker-controlled HTTP servers to exhaust memory in a Req client via decompression-bomb response bodies. Req's default response pipeline includes Req.Steps.decode_body/1 and Req.Steps.decompress_body/1 in lib/req/steps.ex. decode_body/1 dispatches on the server-supplied content-type (or URL extension) and calls :zip.extract(body, [:memory]) for application/zip, :erl_tar.extract({:binary, body}, [:memory]) for application/x-tar, and :erl_tar.extract({:binary, body}, [:memory, :compressed]) for application/gzip / .tgz. Each returns the full decompressed archive contents as a [{name, bytes}] list in memory, with no per-entry or total size cap. decompress_body/1 walks the content-encoding header and chains :zlib/:brotli/:ezstd decoders, so a response advertising content-encoding: gzip, gzip, gzip inflates through multiple layers without bound. Both steps are enabled by default, no caller opt-in is required, and the attacker controls the content-type and content-encoding headers on their own server (or on any host reached via Req's automatic redirect following). A sub-megabyte response can expand to multiple gigabytes on the victim, crashing the BEAM process. This issue affects req: from 0.1.0 before 0.6.1.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-08 16:49 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
wojtekmach req Affected: 0.1.0 , < 0.6.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:wojtekmach:req:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
wojtekmach req Affected: e37753741cbdc725e6aba3d977b380163bfc0ecb , < 84977e5b1a83f26e749d55ad06e3625464af4e8d (git)
    cpe:2.3:a:wojtekmach:req:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-49158 (GCVE-0-2026-49158)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 11:05 – Updated: 2026-07-27 13:04
VLAI
Title
Apache Thrift: Ruby THeaderTransport ZLIB Decompression Bomb
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in Apache Thrift Ruby bindings. This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.24.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.24.0, which fixes the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 13:04 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Thrift Affected: 0 , < 0.24.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-48594 (GCVE-0-2026-48594)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-02 19:08 – Updated: 2026-06-04 04:45
VLAI
Title
Decompression bomb in Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse and Tesla.Middleware.Compression
Summary
Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in elixir-tesla tesla allows a denial of service via decompression bomb in HTTP response bodies. When Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse or Tesla.Middleware.Compression is included in a Tesla middleware pipeline, HTTP response bodies are decompressed eagerly with no size limit. The decompress_body/2 function in lib/tesla/middleware/compression.ex passes the entire response body to :zlib.gunzip/1 or :zlib.unzip/1 without any cap on the output size. Additionally, compression_algorithms/1 splits the content-encoding header on commas and decompress_body/2 recurses once per token, applying a decompression pass on each iteration. A server advertising content-encoding: gzip, gzip, gzip, gzip causes four recursive decompression passes, yielding exponential amplification: each gzip layer can expand its input roughly 1000x, so a payload of a few hundred bytes on the wire inflates to gigabytes of BEAM heap, exhausting memory and crashing or freezing the calling process. This issue affects tesla: from 0.6.0 before 1.18.3.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-03 14:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-409 - Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
elixir-tesla tesla Affected: 0.6.0 , < 1.18.3 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
elixir-tesla tesla Affected: 5bd90bb5cf0d15e375edc2a66fa322292940fce2 , < 340f75b5d191dc747ef7ac6365bd002d1cd55a9d (git)
    cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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            "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.Compression\u0027",
            "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse\u0027"
          ],
          "packageName": "tesla",
          "packageURL": "pkg:hex/tesla",
          "product": "tesla",
          "programFiles": [
            "lib/tesla/middleware/compression.ex"
          ],
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse\u0027:call/3"
            },
            {
              "name": "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.Compression\u0027:call/3"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla",
          "vendor": "elixir-tesla",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.18.3",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.6.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://github.com",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "modules": [
            "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.Compression\u0027",
            "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse\u0027"
          ],
          "packageName": "elixir-tesla/tesla",
          "packageURL": "pkg:github/elixir-tesla/tesla",
          "product": "tesla",
          "programFiles": [
            "lib/tesla/middleware/compression.ex"
          ],
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse\u0027:call/3"
            },
            {
              "name": "\u0027Elixir.Tesla.Middleware.Compression\u0027:call/3"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla.git",
          "vendor": "elixir-tesla",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "340f75b5d191dc747ef7ac6365bd002d1cd55a9d",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "5bd90bb5cf0d15e375edc2a66fa322292940fce2",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "configurations": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "The application must include \u003ctt\u003eTesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse\u003c/tt\u003e or \u003ctt\u003eTesla.Middleware.Compression\u003c/tt\u003e in its Tesla middleware pipeline."
            }
          ],
          "value": "The application must include Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse or Tesla.Middleware.Compression in its Tesla middleware pipeline."
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:elixir-tesla:tesla:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "1.18.3",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "0.6.0",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ],
          "operator": "AND"
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Peter Ullrich"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "remediation developer",
          "value": "Yordis Prieto"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "analyst",
          "value": "Jonatan M\u00e4nnchen"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in elixir-tesla tesla allows a denial of service via decompression bomb in HTTP response bodies.\u003cp\u003eWhen \u003ctt\u003eTesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse\u003c/tt\u003e or \u003ctt\u003eTesla.Middleware.Compression\u003c/tt\u003e is included in a Tesla middleware pipeline, HTTP response bodies are decompressed eagerly with no size limit. The \u003ctt\u003edecompress_body/2\u003c/tt\u003e function in \u003ctt\u003elib/tesla/middleware/compression.ex\u003c/tt\u003e passes the entire response body to \u003ctt\u003e:zlib.gunzip/1\u003c/tt\u003e or \u003ctt\u003e:zlib.unzip/1\u003c/tt\u003e without any cap on the output size. Additionally, \u003ctt\u003ecompression_algorithms/1\u003c/tt\u003e splits the \u003ctt\u003econtent-encoding\u003c/tt\u003e header on commas and \u003ctt\u003edecompress_body/2\u003c/tt\u003e recurses once per token, applying a decompression pass on each iteration. A server advertising \u003ctt\u003econtent-encoding: gzip, gzip, gzip, gzip\u003c/tt\u003e causes four recursive decompression passes, yielding exponential amplification: each gzip layer can expand its input roughly 1000x, so a payload of a few hundred bytes on the wire inflates to gigabytes of BEAM heap, exhausting memory and crashing or freezing the calling process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis issue affects tesla: from 0.6.0 before 1.18.3.\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in elixir-tesla tesla allows a denial of service via decompression bomb in HTTP response bodies.\n\nWhen Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse or Tesla.Middleware.Compression is included in a Tesla middleware pipeline, HTTP response bodies are decompressed eagerly with no size limit. The decompress_body/2 function in lib/tesla/middleware/compression.ex passes the entire response body to :zlib.gunzip/1 or :zlib.unzip/1 without any cap on the output size. Additionally, compression_algorithms/1 splits the content-encoding header on commas and decompress_body/2 recurses once per token, applying a decompression pass on each iteration. A server advertising content-encoding: gzip, gzip, gzip, gzip causes four recursive decompression passes, yielding exponential amplification: each gzip layer can expand its input roughly 1000x, so a payload of a few hundred bytes on the wire inflates to gigabytes of BEAM heap, exhausting memory and crashing or freezing the calling process.\n\nThis issue affects tesla: from 0.6.0 before 1.18.3."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-130",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-130 Excessive Allocation"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.2,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-409",
              "description": "CWE-409 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-06-04T04:45:31.475Z",
        "orgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
        "shortName": "EEF"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "related"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla/security/advisories/GHSA-mc85-72gr-vm9f"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "related"
          ],
          "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-48594.html"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "related"
          ],
          "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-48594"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/elixir-tesla/tesla/commit/340f75b5d191dc747ef7ac6365bd002d1cd55a9d"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "Decompression bomb in Tesla.Middleware.DecompressResponse and Tesla.Middleware.Compression",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "cvelib 1.8.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
    "assignerShortName": "EEF",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-48594",
    "datePublished": "2026-06-02T19:08:49.596Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-05-22T09:36:56.834Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-06-04T04:45:31.475Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.