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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-407

Allowed-with-Review

Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.

281 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2022-22153 (GCVE-0-2022-22153)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-01-19 00:20 – Updated: 2024-09-17 01:50
VLAI
Title
SRX Series and MX Series with SPC3: A high percentage of fragments might lead to high latency or packet drops
Summary
An Insufficient Algorithmic Complexity combined with an Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in the flow processing daemon (flowd) of Juniper Networks Junos OS on SRX Series and MX Series with SPC3 allows an unauthenticated network attacker to cause latency in transit packet processing and even packet loss. If transit traffic includes a significant percentage (> 5%) of fragmented packets which need to be reassembled, high latency or packet drops might be observed. This issue affects Juniper Networks Junos OS on SRX Series, MX Series with SPC3: All versions prior to 18.2R3; 18.3 versions prior to 18.3R3; 18.4 versions prior to 18.4R2-S9, 18.4R3; 19.1 versions prior to 19.1R2; 19.2 versions prior to 19.2R1-S1, 19.2R2.
CWE
  • CWE-407 - Algorithmic Complexity
  • Denial of Service (DoS)
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
References
URL Tags
https://kb.juniper.net/JSA11261 x_refsource_CONFIRM
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Juniper Networks Junos OS Affected: unspecified , < 18.2R3 (custom)
Affected: 18.3 , < 18.3R3 (custom)
Affected: 18.4 , < 18.4R2-S9, 18.4R3 (custom)
Affected: 19.1 , < 19.1R2 (custom)
Affected: 19.2 , < 19.2R1-S1, 19.2R2 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2022-01-12 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2020-27223 (GCVE-0-2020-27223)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-02-26 21:55 – Updated: 2025-08-20 10:03
VLAI
Summary
In Eclipse Jetty 9.4.6.v20170531 to 9.4.36.v20210114 (inclusive), 10.0.0, and 11.0.0 when Jetty handles a request containing multiple Accept headers with a large number of “quality” (i.e. q) parameters, the server may enter a denial of service (DoS) state due to high CPU usage processing those quality values, resulting in minutes of CPU time exhausted processing those quality values.
CWE
  • CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
References
URL Tags
https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=571128 x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/eclipse/jetty.project/security… x_refsource_CONFIRM
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https://github.com/jetty/jetty.project/commit/10e… patch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
The Eclipse Foundation Eclipse Jetty Affected: 9.4.6.v20170531 , < unspecified (custom)
Affected: unspecified , ≤ 9.4.36.v20210114 (custom)
Affected: 10.0.0
Affected: 11.0.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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            "name": "[zookeeper-notifications] 20210308 [GitHub] [zookeeper] arshadmohammad commented on pull request #1624: ZOOKEEPER-4233: dependency-check:check failing - Jetty 9.4.35.v20201120 - CVE-2020-27223",
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            "name": "[zookeeper-notifications] 20210308 [GitHub] [zookeeper] arshadmohammad commented on a change in pull request #1623: ZOOKEEPER-4233: dependency-check:check failing - Jetty 9.4.35.v20201120 - CVE-2020-27223",
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            "name": "[spark-issues] 20210315 [jira] [Assigned] (SPARK-34752) Upgrade Jetty to 9.4.37 to fix CVE-2020-27223",
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            "name": "[spark-reviews] 20210315 [GitHub] [spark] xkrogen opened a new pull request #31846: [SPARK-34752] Bump Jetty to 9.4.37 to address CVE-2020-27223",
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          "name": "[spark-issues] 20210315 [jira] [Assigned] (SPARK-34752) Upgrade Jetty to 9.4.37 to fix CVE-2020-27223",
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          "name": "[spark-reviews] 20210315 [GitHub] [spark] HyukjinKwon commented on pull request #31846: [SPARK-34752][BUILD] Bump Jetty to 9.4.37 to address CVE-2020-27223",
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              "name": "[zookeeper-notifications] 20210308 [GitHub] [zookeeper] arshadmohammad commented on pull request #1624: ZOOKEEPER-4233: dependency-check:check failing - Jetty 9.4.35.v20201120 - CVE-2020-27223",
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              "name": "[spark-reviews] 20210315 [GitHub] [spark] HyukjinKwon commented on pull request #31846: [SPARK-34752][BUILD] Bump Jetty to 9.4.37 to address CVE-2020-27223",
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  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "e51fbebd-6053-4e49-959f-1b94eeb69a2c",
    "assignerShortName": "eclipse",
    "cveId": "CVE-2020-27223",
    "datePublished": "2021-02-26T21:55:13.000Z",
    "dateReserved": "2020-10-19T00:00:00.000Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-08-20T10:03:37.386Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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}

CVE-2020-3548 (GCVE-0-2020-3548)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-11-18 15:53 – Updated: 2024-11-18 16:32
VLAI
Title
Cisco Email Security Appliance Denial Of Service Vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol implementation of Cisco&nbsp;AsyncOS software for Cisco&nbsp;Email Security Appliance (ESA) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause high CPU usage on an affected device, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. The vulnerability is due to inefficient processing of incoming TLS traffic. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a series of crafted TLS packets to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to trigger a prolonged state of high CPU utilization. The affected device would still be operative, but response time and overall performance may be degraded.There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-11-18 16:30 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-407 - Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Cisco Cisco Secure Email Affected: N/A
Create a notification for this product.
cisco secure_email Affected: 0 , ≤ 13.5.1-277 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:cisco:secure_email:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "affected": [
          {
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              "cpe:2.3:a:cisco:secure_email:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
            ],
            "defaultStatus": "unknown",
            "product": "secure_email",
            "vendor": "cisco",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThanOrEqual": "13.5.1-277",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "custom"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2020-3548",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2024-11-18T16:30:29.514984Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-11-18T16:32:04.999Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "Cisco Secure Email",
          "vendor": "Cisco",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "N/A"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "A vulnerability in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol implementation of Cisco\u0026nbsp;AsyncOS software for Cisco\u0026nbsp;Email Security Appliance (ESA) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause high CPU usage on an affected device, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition.\r\nThe vulnerability is due to inefficient processing of incoming TLS traffic. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a series of crafted TLS packets to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to trigger a prolonged state of high CPU utilization. The affected device would still be operative, but response time and overall performance may be degraded.There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability."
        }
      ],
      "exploits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "The Cisco Product Security Incident Response Team (PSIRT) is not aware of any public announcements or malicious use of the vulnerability that is described in this advisory."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L/RL:X/RC:X/E:X",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "cvssV3_1"
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-407",
              "description": "Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "cwe"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2024-11-18T15:53:40.744Z",
        "orgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
        "shortName": "cisco"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "cisco-sa-esa-tls-dos-xW53TBhb",
          "url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-esa-tls-dos-xW53TBhb"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "cisco-sa-esa-tls-dos-xW53TBhb",
        "defects": [
          "CSCvu35999"
        ],
        "discovery": "INTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "Cisco Email Security Appliance Denial Of Service Vulnerability"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "d1c1063e-7a18-46af-9102-31f8928bc633",
    "assignerShortName": "cisco",
    "cveId": "CVE-2020-3548",
    "datePublished": "2024-11-18T15:53:40.744Z",
    "dateReserved": "2019-12-12T00:00:00.000Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-11-18T16:32:04.999Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1"
}

CVE-2019-19331 (GCVE-0-2019-19331)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-12-16 00:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 02:16
VLAI
Summary
knot-resolver before version 4.3.0 is vulnerable to denial of service through high CPU utilization. DNS replies with very many resource records might be processed very inefficiently, in extreme cases taking even several CPU seconds for each such uncached message. For example, a few thousand A records can be squashed into one DNS message (limit is 64kB).
CWE
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
CZ.NIC knot-resolver Affected: 4.3.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T02:16:46.880Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-19331"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.knot-resolver.cz/2019-12-04-knot-resolver-4.3.0.html"
          },
          {
            "name": "[debian-lts-announce] 20240426 [SECURITY] [DLA 3795-1] knot-resolver security update",
            "tags": [
              "mailing-list",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/04/msg00017.html"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "knot-resolver",
          "vendor": "CZ.NIC",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "4.3.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "knot-resolver before version 4.3.0 is vulnerable to denial of service through high CPU utilization. DNS replies with very many resource records might be processed very inefficiently, in extreme cases taking even several CPU seconds for each such uncached message. For example, a few thousand A records can be squashed into one DNS message (limit is 64kB)."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.0"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-407",
              "description": "CWE-407",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2024-04-26T07:06:04.638Z",
        "orgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
        "shortName": "redhat"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-19331"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.knot-resolver.cz/2019-12-04-knot-resolver-4.3.0.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "[debian-lts-announce] 20240426 [SECURITY] [DLA 3795-1] knot-resolver security update",
          "tags": [
            "mailing-list"
          ],
          "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/04/msg00017.html"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
    "assignerShortName": "redhat",
    "cveId": "CVE-2019-19331",
    "datePublished": "2019-12-16T00:00:00.000Z",
    "dateReserved": "2019-11-27T00:00:00.000Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T02:16:46.880Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1"
}

GHSA-22XX-XG3V-M8G7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-02 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-02 21:32
VLAI
Details

Pathway through 0.31.1, fixed in commit d09722e, document store applies a caller-supplied glob pattern to indexed document paths using a hand-written recursive matcher that branches two ways on each ** token without memoization, giving exponential worst-case complexity. The filepath_globpattern value is taken from the body of the unauthenticated HTTP endpoints /v1/retrieve, /v1/inputs and /v2/answer and compiled into a filter evaluated once per indexed document, with no length or **-count limit. A remote unauthenticated attacker can submit a short pattern containing many ** tokens to consume CPU for tens of seconds per request, and a small number of requests denies service.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-59094"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-407"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-02T20:17:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Pathway through 0.31.1, fixed in commit d09722e, document store applies a caller-supplied glob pattern to indexed document paths using a hand-written recursive matcher that branches two ways on each ** token without memoization, giving exponential worst-case complexity. The filepath_globpattern value is taken from the body of the unauthenticated HTTP endpoints /v1/retrieve, /v1/inputs and /v2/answer and compiled into a filter evaluated once per indexed document, with no length or **-count limit. A remote unauthenticated attacker can submit a short pattern containing many ** tokens to consume CPU for tens of seconds per request, and a small number of requests denies service.",
  "id": "GHSA-22xx-xg3v-m8g7",
  "modified": "2026-07-02T21:32:14Z",
  "published": "2026-07-02T21:32:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-59094"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pathwaycom/pathway/issues/241"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pathwaycom/pathway/pull/250"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pathwaycom/pathway/commit/d09722eef03fd94bba701836eb4c7fbfa3d3b88e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/pathway-unauthenticated-denial-of-service-via-exponential-glob-pattern-matching-in-document-store"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-25MV-J2QR-V5JQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-14 00:32 – Updated: 2026-08-14 18:31
VLAI
Details

Previously, resolving relative paths containing parent directory ('..') segments performed string conversions and buffer rewrites on each step, resulting in quadratic time complexity and high memory allocation overhead. Now, path resolution operates on a byte buffer using index-based backtracking for '..' segments, eliminating the quadratic time complexity and significantly reducing memory allocations.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-56860"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-407"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-13T22:17:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Previously, resolving relative paths containing parent directory (\u0027..\u0027) segments performed string conversions and buffer rewrites on each step, resulting in quadratic time complexity and high memory allocation overhead. Now, path resolution operates on a byte buffer using index-based backtracking for \u0027..\u0027 segments, eliminating the quadratic time complexity and significantly reducing memory allocations.",
  "id": "GHSA-25mv-j2qr-v5jq",
  "modified": "2026-08-14T18:31:34Z",
  "published": "2026-08-14T00:32:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56860"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://go.dev/cl/803681"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://go.dev/issue/80494"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/94pEornpRlI"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2026-6218"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2JHC-HF67-8VGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-25 18:31 – Updated: 2026-03-25 18:31
VLAI
Details

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 18.5 before 18.8.7, 18.9 before 18.9.3, and 18.10 before 18.10.1 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause a denial of service by making the GitLab instance unresponsive due to improper input validation in GraphQL request processing.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-3988"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-407"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-25T17:17:09Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 18.5 before 18.8.7, 18.9 before 18.9.3, and 18.10 before 18.10.1 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause a denial of service by making the GitLab instance unresponsive due to improper input validation in GraphQL request processing.",
  "id": "GHSA-2jhc-hf67-8vgx",
  "modified": "2026-03-25T18:31:55Z",
  "published": "2026-03-25T18:31:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3988"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3597342"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2026/03/25/patch-release-gitlab-18-10-1-released"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/work_items/593140"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2MP6-9MJC-P6JG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-09 12:00 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in Python before 3.11.1. An unnecessary quadratic algorithm exists in one path when processing some inputs to the IDNA (RFC 3490) decoder, such that a crafted, unreasonably long name being presented to the decoder could lead to a CPU denial of service. Hostnames are often supplied by remote servers that could be controlled by a malicious actor; in such a scenario, they could trigger excessive CPU consumption on the client attempting to make use of an attacker-supplied supposed hostname. For example, the attack payload could be placed in the Location header of an HTTP response with status code 302. A fix is planned in 3.11.1, 3.10.9, 3.9.16, 3.8.16, and 3.7.16.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-45061"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-407"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-09T07:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Python before 3.11.1. An unnecessary quadratic algorithm exists in one path when processing some inputs to the IDNA (RFC 3490) decoder, such that a crafted, unreasonably long name being presented to the decoder could lead to a CPU denial of service. Hostnames are often supplied by remote servers that could be controlled by a malicious actor; in such a scenario, they could trigger excessive CPU consumption on the client attempting to make use of an attacker-supplied supposed hostname. For example, the attack payload could be placed in the Location header of an HTTP response with status code 302. A fix is planned in 3.11.1, 3.10.9, 3.9.16, 3.8.16, and 3.7.16.",
  "id": "GHSA-2mp6-9mjc-p6jg",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T00:30:34Z",
  "published": "2022-11-09T12:00:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45061"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/98433"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/O67LRHDTJWH544KXB6KY4HMHQLYDXFPK"
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    {
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    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/KNE4GMD45RGC2HWUAAIGTDHT5VJ2E4O4"
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  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
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      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2MR2-J2WM-V93X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-01 18:30 – Updated: 2026-09-01 18:30
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in openshift/oauth-server. The OAuth login and error page endpoints pass the unauthenticated Accept-Language header to golang.org/x/text/language.ParseAcceptLanguage() without input validation. A bypass of the CVE-2022-32149 mitigation exists: the upstream guard counts only '-' characters but the internal BCP 47 scanner aliases '' to '-' after the guard check. An unauthenticated attacker can send a crafted Accept-Language header using '' separators to trigger quadratic-time parsing, consuming excessive CPU and denying authentication to all cluster users.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-49329"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-407"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-01T16:16:57Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in openshift/oauth-server. The OAuth login and error page endpoints pass the unauthenticated Accept-Language header to golang.org/x/text/language.ParseAcceptLanguage() without input validation. A bypass of the CVE-2022-32149 mitigation exists: the upstream guard counts only \u0027-\u0027 characters but the internal BCP 47 scanner aliases \u0027_\u0027 to \u0027-\u0027 after the guard check. An unauthenticated attacker can send a crafted Accept-Language header using \u0027_\u0027 separators to trigger quadratic-time parsing, consuming excessive CPU and denying authentication to all cluster users.",
  "id": "GHSA-2mr2-j2wm-v93x",
  "modified": "2026-09-01T18:30:40Z",
  "published": "2026-09-01T18:30:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49329"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-49329"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2483248"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2Q4P-G7HV-5RGV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-06 20:37 – Updated: 2026-08-06 20:37
VLAI
Summary
league/commonmark: Quadratic-time denial of service when parsing crafted Markdown
Details

Impact

Affected versions of league/commonmark can have quadratic time complexity when parsing specially crafted Markdown lines. In practical terms, doubling the length of an affected line can make the parser perform roughly four times as much work. The parser identifies locations using character positions, but regular-expression matches report byte positions. These positions differ when a UTF-8 character uses more than one byte. Several parsing paths repeatedly rescan growing portions of the line to translate between the two positions. The Autolink extension can also copy and validate the remaining line at every URL-like prefix.

In current 2.x releases, a single non-ASCII character anywhere on a line can place that whole line on the slower multibyte path. An attacker can combine it with a long run of leading whitespace or repeated Markdown punctuation, causing increasingly large rescans. When the Autolink extension is enabled, repeated URL-like prefixes provide another trigger, even on ASCII-only lines. Each trigger fits within one long line, so complex Markdown structure is unnecessary.

An attacker who can submit Markdown for conversion can use a comparatively small request to consume disproportionate CPU time and allocation activity. Repeated or concurrent requests can occupy all available PHP workers and prevent legitimate requests from completing. The core paths affect CommonMarkConverter, GithubFlavoredMarkdownConverter, and custom environments. The autolink-specific path affects applications using AutolinkExtension or GithubFlavoredMarkdownExtension. Applications that process only trusted Markdown are not remotely exploitable. The impact is limited to availability: it does not disclose data, change rendered output, or bypass rendering restrictions. Settings such as html_input and allow_unsafe_links do not mitigate the issue because the expensive work occurs before rendering.

Patches

The issue is patched in 2.9.0 and later. Starting in that release, the parser records UTF-8 character-to-byte positions incrementally, converts ordered regular-expression match positions without restarting from the beginning of the line, and matches autolinks against the original line instead of copying every remaining suffix. The affected work then grows in direct proportion to the input size while preserving existing Markdown output and configuration behavior. Versions from 0.6.0 through 2.8.3 are affected. The 0.x and 1.x release lines are no longer supported, so their users must upgrade to 2.9.0 or later.

Workarounds

If you cannot upgrade immediately, reject or truncate inputs with excessively long individual lines before passing them to the converter. A total request-size limit is also useful, but a per-line limit is important because every demonstrated trigger fits on one line. Choose limits appropriate for the application and enforce them before Markdown parsing begins. Restricting conversion to trusted users, applying strict execution-time limits, rate-limiting requests, and limiting concurrent conversions can further reduce exposure, but these measures are not complete substitutes for upgrading.

Disabling AutolinkExtension and avoiding GithubFlavoredMarkdownExtension removes the autolink-specific trigger, but the core multibyte parsing paths remain reachable in the standard parser. Existing nesting, delimiter, raw-HTML, and unsafe-link configuration options do not eliminate all affected paths. Applications that must continue processing untrusted Markdown should therefore enforce input limits even when autolinking is disabled.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "league/commonmark"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.6.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.9.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-71488"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1050",
      "CWE-407"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-06T20:37:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nAffected versions of `league/commonmark` can have quadratic time complexity when parsing specially crafted Markdown lines. In practical terms, doubling the length of an affected line can make the parser perform roughly four times as much work. The parser identifies locations using character positions, but regular-expression matches report byte positions. These positions differ when a UTF-8 character uses more than one byte. Several parsing paths repeatedly rescan growing portions of the line to translate between the two positions. The Autolink extension can also copy and validate the remaining line at every URL-like prefix.\n\nIn current 2.x releases, a single non-ASCII character anywhere on a line can place that whole line on the slower multibyte path. An attacker can combine it with a long run of leading whitespace or repeated Markdown punctuation, causing increasingly large rescans. When the Autolink extension is enabled, repeated URL-like prefixes provide another trigger, even on ASCII-only lines. Each trigger fits within one long line, so complex Markdown structure is unnecessary.\n\nAn attacker who can submit Markdown for conversion can use a comparatively small request to consume disproportionate CPU time and allocation activity. Repeated or concurrent requests can occupy all available PHP workers and prevent legitimate requests from completing. The core paths affect `CommonMarkConverter`, `GithubFlavoredMarkdownConverter`, and custom environments. The autolink-specific path affects applications using `AutolinkExtension` or `GithubFlavoredMarkdownExtension`. Applications that process only trusted Markdown are not remotely exploitable. The impact is limited to availability: it does not disclose data, change rendered output, or bypass rendering restrictions. Settings such as `html_input` and `allow_unsafe_links` do not mitigate the issue because the expensive work occurs before rendering.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue is patched in `2.9.0` and later. Starting in that release, the parser records UTF-8 character-to-byte positions incrementally, converts ordered regular-expression match positions without restarting from the beginning of the line, and matches autolinks against the original line instead of copying every remaining suffix. The affected work then grows in direct proportion to the input size while preserving existing Markdown output and configuration behavior. Versions from `0.6.0` through `2.8.3` are affected. The 0.x and 1.x release lines are no longer supported, so their users must upgrade to `2.9.0` or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf you cannot upgrade immediately, reject or truncate inputs with excessively long individual lines before passing them to the converter. A total request-size limit is also useful, but a per-line limit is important because every demonstrated trigger fits on one line. Choose limits appropriate for the application and enforce them before Markdown parsing begins. Restricting conversion to trusted users, applying strict execution-time limits, rate-limiting requests, and limiting concurrent conversions can further reduce exposure, but these measures are not complete substitutes for upgrading.\n\nDisabling `AutolinkExtension` and avoiding `GithubFlavoredMarkdownExtension` removes the autolink-specific trigger, but the core multibyte parsing paths remain reachable in the standard parser. Existing nesting, delimiter, raw-HTML, and unsafe-link configuration options do not eliminate all affected paths. Applications that must continue processing untrusted Markdown should therefore enforce input limits even when autolinking is disabled.",
  "id": "GHSA-2q4p-g7hv-5rgv",
  "modified": "2026-08-06T20:37:20Z",
  "published": "2026-08-06T20:37:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/security/advisories/GHSA-2q4p-g7hv-5rgv"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/commit/a6ef6cdc308dfa39a34239c35818e75892a0e6a8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/commit/a70979ea0d7d3377bd7127536748454a922bf5eb"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/commit/c97b02e5e652b992033b93ba5d6182f706343fc6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/releases/tag/2.9.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "league/commonmark: Quadratic-time denial of service when parsing crafted Markdown"
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.