CWE-294
AllowedAuthentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).
342 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2017-3191 (GCVE-0-2017-3191)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2017-12-15 14:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 14:16- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/553503 | third-party-advisoryx_refsource_CERT-VN |
| https://www.wilderssecurity.com/threads/d-link-di… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.scmagazine.com/d-link-dir-130-and-dir… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2011-20002 (GCVE-0-2011-20002)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-14 09:14 – Updated: 2025-10-14 18:58- CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1200 CPU V1 family (incl. SIPLUS variants) |
Affected:
0 , < V2.0.2
(custom)
|
|
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1200 CPU V2 family (incl. SIPLUS variants) |
Affected:
0 , < V2.0.2
(custom)
|
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GHSA-25FV-45MR-WM5R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-15 18:31 – Updated: 2025-04-16 15:34A replay attack vulnerability was discovered in a Zigbee smart home kit manufactured by Ksix (Zigbee Gateway Module = v1.0.3, Door Sensor = v1.0.7, Motion Sensor = v1.0.12), where the Zigbee anti-replay mechanism - based on the frame counter field - is improperly implemented. As a result, an attacker within wireless range can resend captured packets with a higher sequence number, which the devices incorrectly accept as legitimate messages. This allows spoofed commands to be injected without authentication, triggering false alerts and misleading the user through notifications in the mobile application used to monitor the network.
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"url": "https://github.com/TheMalwareGuardian/CVE-2021-27289"
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"url": "https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/160331/Ksix-Zigbee-Devices-Playback-Protection-Bypass.html"
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"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/49169"
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"url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IFUpRKEioA"
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"url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFOy3wSlC9Q"
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GHSA-279P-8H87-PR33
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-09 03:30 – Updated: 2023-01-12 21:30platform_callback_stub in misc subsystem within OpenHarmony-v3.0.5 and prior versions has an authentication bypass vulnerability which allows an "SA relay attack".Local attackers can bypass authentication and attack other SAs with high privilege.
{
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"published": "2023-01-09T03:30:24Z",
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"url": "https://gitee.com/openharmony/security/blob/master/en/security-disclosure/2023/2023-01.md"
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GHSA-2874-F7GX-365P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-23 00:30 – Updated: 2024-05-23 00:30Veeam Backup Enterprise Manager allows account takeover via NTLM relay.
{
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"url": "https://veeam.com/kb4581"
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GHSA-29R3-8MG2-RXQP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-05 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-16 00:00Authentication bypass by capture-replay vulnerability exists in Machine automation controller NX7 series all models V1.28 and earlier, Machine automation controller NX1 series all models V1.48 and earlier, and Machine automation controller NJ series all models V 1.48 and earlier, which may allow an adjacent attacker who can analyze the communication between the controller and the specific software used by OMRON internally to cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition or execute a malicious program.
{
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"cwe_ids": [
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"CWE-489"
],
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"github_reviewed_at": null,
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"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU97050784/index.html"
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"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ia.omron.com/product/vulnerability/OMSR-2022-002_en.pdf"
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"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2C92-7R7G-HM5V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:04 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:04Windows NTLM Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
{
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"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2021-31958"
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GHSA-2CHH-R2HC-8Q2G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-05 06:30 – Updated: 2025-07-05 06:30Dradis through 4.16.0 allows referencing external images (resources) over HTTPS, instead of forcing the use of embedded (uploaded) images. This can be leveraged by an authorized author to attempt to steal the Net-NTLM hashes of other authors on a Windows domain network.
{
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"aliases": [
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"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
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"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-05T04:15:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dradis through 4.16.0 allows referencing external images (resources) over HTTPS, instead of forcing the use of embedded (uploaded) images. This can be leveraged by an authorized author to attempt to steal the Net-NTLM hashes of other authors on a Windows domain network.",
"id": "GHSA-2chh-r2hc-8q2g",
"modified": "2025-07-05T06:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-07-05T06:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50786"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://dradis.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://dradis.com/ce"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://securiteam.io/2025/07/04/cve-2023-50786-dradis-ntlm-theft-vulnerability"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
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"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2GFR-HJCW-MR7Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:30 – Updated: 2024-03-21 03:33** DISPUTED ** An issue was discovered in the GAEN (aka Google/Apple Exposure Notifications) protocol through 2020-10-05, as used in COVID-19 applications on Android and iOS. The encrypted metadata block with a TX value lacks a checksum, allowing bitflipping to amplify a contamination attack. This can cause metadata deanonymization and risk-score inflation. NOTE: the vendor's position is "We do not believe that TX power authentication would be a useful defense against relay attacks."
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"id": "GHSA-2gfr-hjcw-mr7q",
"modified": "2024-03-21T03:33:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:30:16Z",
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"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24722"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/update-exposure-notifications"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/google/exposure-notifications-internals/blob/main/en-risks-and-mitigations-faq.md#additional-considerations"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/159496/GAEN-Protocol-Metadata-Deanonymization-Risk-Score-Inflation.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2020/Oct/12"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2QP5-R5HX-Q27P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-25 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-26 09:30Remote Keyless Entry System (RKES), using the 433 MHz key fob bearing FCC ID CWTR53R0 manufactured by ALPS ALPINE CO., LTD., is vulnerable to a roll-back attack against its rolling-code authentication.
An attacker within RF range who records two consecutive lock or unlock transmissions from a legitimate key fob can later replay the same pair of transmissions repeatedly. During testing, replaying the first captured transmission caused the RKES to enter a state in which replaying the second captured transmission resulted in a successful lock or unlock operation of the vehicle. Tested and confirmed on a 2024 Suzuki Swift (SWIFT ISG GLS AC 1.2 5P 4x2 TM).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-49319"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-25T15:16:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Remote Keyless Entry System (RKES), using the 433 MHz key fob bearing FCC ID CWTR53R0 manufactured by ALPS ALPINE CO., LTD., is vulnerable to a roll-back attack against its rolling-code authentication.\u00a0\n\n\n\nAn attacker within RF range who records two consecutive lock or unlock transmissions from a legitimate key fob can later replay the same pair of transmissions repeatedly. During testing, replaying the first captured transmission caused the RKES to enter a state in which replaying the second captured transmission resulted in a successful lock or unlock operation of the vehicle. Tested and confirmed on\u00a0a 2024 Suzuki Swift (SWIFT ISG GLS AC 1.2 5P 4x2 TM).",
"id": "GHSA-2qp5-r5hx-q27p",
"modified": "2026-06-26T09:30:46Z",
"published": "2026-06-25T15:32:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49319"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fccid.io/CWTR53R0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.asrg.io/security-advisories/cve-2026-49319-suzuki-swift-2024-rkes-rollback-replay"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.
Mitigation
Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.