CVE-2024-57901 (GCVE-0-2024-57901)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-15 13:05 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
af_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
af_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK
Blamed commit forgot MSG_PEEK case, allowing a crash [1] as found
by syzbot.
Rework vlan_get_protocol_dgram() to not touch skb at all,
so that it can be used from many cpus on the same skb.
Add a const qualifier to skb argument.
[1]
skbuff: skb_under_panic: text:ffffffff8a8ccd05 len:29 put:14 head:ffff88807fc8e400 data:ffff88807fc8e3f4 tail:0x11 end:0x140 dev:<NULL>
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:206 !
Oops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI
CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 5892 Comm: syz-executor883 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc4-syzkaller-00054-gd6ef8b40d075 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024
RIP: 0010:skb_panic net/core/skbuff.c:206 [inline]
RIP: 0010:skb_under_panic+0x14b/0x150 net/core/skbuff.c:216
Code: 0b 8d 48 c7 c6 86 d5 25 8e 48 8b 54 24 08 8b 0c 24 44 8b 44 24 04 4d 89 e9 50 41 54 41 57 41 56 e8 5a 69 79 f7 48 83 c4 20 90 <0f> 0b 0f 1f 00 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 f3
RSP: 0018:ffffc900038d7638 EFLAGS: 00010282
RAX: 0000000000000087 RBX: dffffc0000000000 RCX: 609ffd18ea660600
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000080000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: ffff88802483c8d0 R08: ffffffff817f0a8c R09: 1ffff9200071ae60
R10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffff5200071ae61 R12: 0000000000000140
R13: ffff88807fc8e400 R14: ffff88807fc8e3f4 R15: 0000000000000011
FS: 00007fbac5e006c0(0000) GS:ffff8880b8700000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 00007fbac5e00d58 CR3: 000000001238e000 CR4: 00000000003526f0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Call Trace:
<TASK>
skb_push+0xe5/0x100 net/core/skbuff.c:2636
vlan_get_protocol_dgram+0x165/0x290 net/packet/af_packet.c:585
packet_recvmsg+0x948/0x1ef0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3552
sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:1033 [inline]
sock_recvmsg+0x22f/0x280 net/socket.c:1055
____sys_recvmsg+0x1c6/0x480 net/socket.c:2803
___sys_recvmsg net/socket.c:2845 [inline]
do_recvmmsg+0x426/0xab0 net/socket.c:2940
__sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3014 [inline]
__do_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3037 [inline]
__se_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3030 [inline]
__x64_sys_recvmmsg+0x199/0x250 net/socket.c:3030
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
Severity
7.3 (High)
5.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-01 19:54 UTC
Assigner
References
11 references
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
c77064e76c768fb101ea5ff92dc771142fc9d8fd , < 560cbdd26b510626f3f4f27d34c44dfd3dd3499d
(git)
Affected: 83e2dfadcb6258fe3111c8a8ec9cf34465e55e64 , < 0d3fa6c3c9ca7aa255696150f5b759ac4a4974e1 (git) Affected: d0a1f9aa70f0d8a05b6320e8a3f3b83adab8dac3 , < de4f8d477c67ec1d7c28f3486c3e47d147d90a01 (git) Affected: 5839f59ff1dd4e35b9e767927931a039484839e1 , < 5d336714db324bef84490c75dcc48b387ef0346e (git) Affected: 5a041d25b67042cbe06a0fb292ee22fd1147e65c , < a693b87692b4d7c50f4fc08a996678d60534a9da (git) Affected: 79eecf631c14e7f4057186570ac20e2cfac3802e , < cd8488fdc7116f6da277515647b167859d4f72b1 (git) Affected: 79eecf631c14e7f4057186570ac20e2cfac3802e , < f91a5b8089389eb408501af2762f168c3aaa7b79 (git) Affected: 3dfd84aa72fa7329ed4a257c8f40e0c9aff4dc8f (git) Affected: 66f23a7b5174b5d3e7111fd2d0d5a4f3faaa12e5 (git) Affected: 5.4.282 , < 5.4.289 (semver) Affected: 5.10.224 , < 5.10.233 (semver) Affected: 5.15.165 , < 5.15.176 (semver) Affected: 6.1.103 , < 6.1.124 (semver) Affected: 6.6.44 , < 6.6.70 (semver) Affected: 4.19.320 , < 4.20 (semver) Affected: 6.10.3 , < 6.11 (semver) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
6.11
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.11 (semver) Unaffected: 5.4.289 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.10.233 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.176 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.124 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.70 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.9 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.13 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.0 , < V3.1.5
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.0 , < V3.1.5
(custom)
|
guessed | |
| Siemens | SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP |
Affected:
V3.1.0 , < V3.1.5
(custom)
|
guessed |
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\naf_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK\n\nBlamed commit forgot MSG_PEEK case, allowing a crash [1] as found\nby syzbot.\n\nRework vlan_get_protocol_dgram() to not touch skb at all,\nso that it can be used from many cpus on the same skb.\n\nAdd a const qualifier to skb argument.\n\n[1]\nskbuff: skb_under_panic: text:ffffffff8a8ccd05 len:29 put:14 head:ffff88807fc8e400 data:ffff88807fc8e3f4 tail:0x11 end:0x140 dev:\u003cNULL\u003e\n------------[ cut here ]------------\n kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:206 !\nOops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 5892 Comm: syz-executor883 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc4-syzkaller-00054-gd6ef8b40d075 #0\nHardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024\n RIP: 0010:skb_panic net/core/skbuff.c:206 [inline]\n RIP: 0010:skb_under_panic+0x14b/0x150 net/core/skbuff.c:216\nCode: 0b 8d 48 c7 c6 86 d5 25 8e 48 8b 54 24 08 8b 0c 24 44 8b 44 24 04 4d 89 e9 50 41 54 41 57 41 56 e8 5a 69 79 f7 48 83 c4 20 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 0f 1f 00 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 f3\nRSP: 0018:ffffc900038d7638 EFLAGS: 00010282\nRAX: 0000000000000087 RBX: dffffc0000000000 RCX: 609ffd18ea660600\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000080000000 RDI: 0000000000000000\nRBP: ffff88802483c8d0 R08: ffffffff817f0a8c R09: 1ffff9200071ae60\nR10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffff5200071ae61 R12: 0000000000000140\nR13: ffff88807fc8e400 R14: ffff88807fc8e3f4 R15: 0000000000000011\nFS: 00007fbac5e006c0(0000) GS:ffff8880b8700000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\nCR2: 00007fbac5e00d58 CR3: 000000001238e000 CR4: 00000000003526f0\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n skb_push+0xe5/0x100 net/core/skbuff.c:2636\n vlan_get_protocol_dgram+0x165/0x290 net/packet/af_packet.c:585\n packet_recvmsg+0x948/0x1ef0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3552\n sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:1033 [inline]\n sock_recvmsg+0x22f/0x280 net/socket.c:1055\n ____sys_recvmsg+0x1c6/0x480 net/socket.c:2803\n ___sys_recvmsg net/socket.c:2845 [inline]\n do_recvmmsg+0x426/0xab0 net/socket.c:2940\n __sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3014 [inline]\n __do_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3037 [inline]\n __se_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3030 [inline]\n __x64_sys_recvmmsg+0x199/0x250 net/socket.c:3030\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\n do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f"
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.3,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:L - The bug is triggered by concurrent recvmsg()/recvmmsg() syscalls with MSG_PEEK on a locally created AF_PACKET SOCK_DGRAM socket; the attacker must be executing code on the host to drive both racing threads. A remote peer supplying the VLAN frame cannot alone trigger it.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race \u2014 two threads looping on recvmmsg(MSG_PEEK) over the same socket \u2014 and controls the packet contents and size, so the window can be retried indefinitely until won, as syzbot\u0027s reproducer demonstrates.\nPR:L - Creating the packet socket requires CAP_NET_RAW, but packet_create() checks ns_capable(net-\u003euser_ns, CAP_NET_RAW), so any unprivileged user obtains it via `unshare -Urn` and can self-supply the VLAN-tagged frame on loopback inside that namespace.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step itself \u2014 creating the socket, injecting the VLAN frame, and issuing the concurrent MSG_PEEK receives. No victim action is involved.\nS:U - The corruption and its consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own memory and the attacking process\u0027s socket; no VM, IOMMU, or other security-authority boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The non-atomic save/restore lets an inflated skb-\u003elen persist on a queued (MSG_PEEK\u0027d) skb while skb-\u003edata stays put, so skb_copy_datagram_msg() copies an attacker-growable number of bytes past skb-\u003etail \u2014 slab tailroom and, with a size-groomed packet, skb_shared_info kernel pointers \u2014 directly into the user\u0027s buffer.\nI:L - The race durably corrupts kernel skb metadata (skb-\u003edata driven outside the head buffer, skb-\u003elen inflated without bound) under attacker influence, but the affected path only reads through those fields, yielding no arbitrary kernel write or control-flow primitive.\nA:H - The demonstrated outcome is skb_push() driving skb-\u003edata below skb-\u003ehead, hitting skb_under_panic() -\u003e BUG() \u2014 an invalid-opcode Oops that panics the box outright under panic_on_oops, common in cloud, embedded, and automotive deployments."
}
]
}
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"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:46:52.279Z",
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{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/560cbdd26b510626f3f4f27d34c44dfd3dd3499d"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0d3fa6c3c9ca7aa255696150f5b759ac4a4974e1"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/de4f8d477c67ec1d7c28f3486c3e47d147d90a01"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5d336714db324bef84490c75dcc48b387ef0346e"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a693b87692b4d7c50f4fc08a996678d60534a9da"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8488fdc7116f6da277515647b167859d4f72b1"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f91a5b8089389eb408501af2762f168c3aaa7b79"
}
],
"title": "af_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK",
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"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2024-57901",
"datePublished": "2025-01-15T13:05:57.527Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-01-11T14:45:42.030Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:46:52.279Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2024-57901",
"date": "2026-09-15",
"epss": "0.0027",
"percentile": "0.1925"
},
"microsoft_vex": {
"current_release_date": "2025-03-13T00:00:00.000Z",
"cve": "CVE-2024-57901",
"id": "msrc_CVE-2024-57901",
"initial_release_date": "2025-01-02T00:00:00.000Z",
"product_status:fixed": "4",
"product_status:known_affected": "4",
"source": "Microsoft CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "af_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/csaf/vex/2025/msrc_cve-2024-57901.json",
"version": "2"
},
"nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2024-57901\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-01-15T13:15:14.747\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-08-04T11:22:30.867\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\naf_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK\\n\\nBlamed commit forgot MSG_PEEK case, allowing a crash [1] as found\\nby syzbot.\\n\\nRework vlan_get_protocol_dgram() to not touch skb at all,\\nso that it can be used from many cpus on the same skb.\\n\\nAdd a const qualifier to skb argument.\\n\\n[1]\\nskbuff: skb_under_panic: text:ffffffff8a8ccd05 len:29 put:14 head:ffff88807fc8e400 data:ffff88807fc8e3f4 tail:0x11 end:0x140 dev:\u003cNULL\u003e\\n------------[ cut here ]------------\\n kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:206 !\\nOops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI\\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 5892 Comm: syz-executor883 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc4-syzkaller-00054-gd6ef8b40d075 #0\\nHardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024\\n RIP: 0010:skb_panic net/core/skbuff.c:206 [inline]\\n RIP: 0010:skb_under_panic+0x14b/0x150 net/core/skbuff.c:216\\nCode: 0b 8d 48 c7 c6 86 d5 25 8e 48 8b 54 24 08 8b 0c 24 44 8b 44 24 04 4d 89 e9 50 41 54 41 57 41 56 e8 5a 69 79 f7 48 83 c4 20 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 0f 1f 00 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 f3\\nRSP: 0018:ffffc900038d7638 EFLAGS: 00010282\\nRAX: 0000000000000087 RBX: dffffc0000000000 RCX: 609ffd18ea660600\\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000080000000 RDI: 0000000000000000\\nRBP: ffff88802483c8d0 R08: ffffffff817f0a8c R09: 1ffff9200071ae60\\nR10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffff5200071ae61 R12: 0000000000000140\\nR13: ffff88807fc8e400 R14: ffff88807fc8e3f4 R15: 0000000000000011\\nFS: 00007fbac5e006c0(0000) GS:ffff8880b8700000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\\nCR2: 00007fbac5e00d58 CR3: 000000001238e000 CR4: 00000000003526f0\\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\\nCall Trace:\\n \u003cTASK\u003e\\n skb_push+0xe5/0x100 net/core/skbuff.c:2636\\n vlan_get_protocol_dgram+0x165/0x290 net/packet/af_packet.c:585\\n packet_recvmsg+0x948/0x1ef0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3552\\n sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:1033 [inline]\\n sock_recvmsg+0x22f/0x280 net/socket.c:1055\\n ____sys_recvmsg+0x1c6/0x480 net/socket.c:2803\\n ___sys_recvmsg net/socket.c:2845 [inline]\\n do_recvmmsg+0x426/0xab0 net/socket.c:2940\\n __sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3014 [inline]\\n __do_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3037 [inline]\\n __se_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3030 [inline]\\n __x64_sys_recvmmsg+0x199/0x250 net/socket.c:3030\\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\\n do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: af_packet: arreglo vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK La confirmaci\u00f3n culpada olvid\u00f3 el caso MSG_PEEK, lo que permiti\u00f3 un bloqueo [1] como lo encontr\u00f3 syzbot. Reelabore vlan_get_protocol_dgram() para que no toque skb en absoluto, de modo que pueda usarse desde muchas CPU en el mismo skb. Agregue un calificador const al argumento skb. [1] skbuff: skb_under_panic: text:ffffffff8a8ccd05 len:29 put:14 head:ffff88807fc8e400 data:ffff88807fc8e3f4 tail:0x11 end:0x140 dev: ------------[ corte aqu\u00ed ]------------ \u00a1ERROR del kernel en net/core/skbuff.c:206! Oops: c\u00f3digo de operaci\u00f3n no v\u00e1lido: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 5892 Comm: syz-executor883 No contaminado 6.13.0-rc4-syzkaller-00054-gd6ef8b40d075 #0 Nombre del hardware: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 13/09/2024 RIP: 0010:skb_panic net/core/skbuff.c:206 [en l\u00ednea] RIP: 0010:skb_under_panic+0x14b/0x150 net/core/skbuff.c:216 C\u00f3digo: 0b 8d 48 c7 c6 86 d5 25 8e 48 8b 54 24 08 8b 0c 24 44 8b 44 24 04 4d 89 e9 50 41 54 41 57 41 56 e8 5a 69 79 f7 48 83 c4 20 90 \u0026lt;0f\u0026gt; 0b 0f 1f 00 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 f3 RSP: 0018:ffffc900038d7638 EFLAGS: 00010282 RAX: 000000000000087 RBX: dffffc0000000000 RCX: 609ffd18ea660600 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000080000000 RDI: 0000000000000000 RBP: ffff88802483c8d0 R08: ffffffff817f0a8c R09: 1ffff9200071ae60 R10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffff5200071ae61 R12: 0000000000000140 R13: ffff88807fc8e400 R14: ffff88807fc8e3f4 R15: 0000000000000011 FS: 00007fbac5e006c0(0000) GS:ffff8880b8700000(0000) knlGS:00000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00007fbac5e00d58 CR3: 000000001238e000 CR4: 00000000003526f0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 Seguimiento de llamadas: skb_push+0xe5/0x100 net/core/skbuff.c:2636 vlan_get_protocol_dgram+0x165/0x290 net/packet/af_packet.c:585 packet_recvmsg+0x948/0x1ef0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3552 sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:1033 [en l\u00ednea] sock_recvmsg+0x22f/0x280 net/socket.c:1055 ____sys_recvmsg+0x1c6/0x480 net/socket.c:2803 ___sys_recvmsg net/socket.c:2845 [en l\u00ednea] do_recvmmsg+0x426/0xab0 net/socket.c:2940 __sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3014 [en l\u00ednea] __do_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3037 [en l\u00ednea] __se_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3030 [en l\u00ednea] __x64_sys_recvmmsg+0x199/0x250 net/socket.c:3030 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [en l\u00ednea] do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"include/linux/if_vlan.h\",\"net/packet/af_packet.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"c77064e76c768fb101ea5ff92dc771142fc9d8fd\",\"lessThan\":\"560cbdd26b510626f3f4f27d34c44dfd3dd3499d\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"83e2dfadcb6258fe3111c8a8ec9cf34465e55e64\",\"lessThan\":\"0d3fa6c3c9ca7aa255696150f5b759ac4a4974e1\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"d0a1f9aa70f0d8a05b6320e8a3f3b83adab8dac3\",\"lessThan\":\"de4f8d477c67ec1d7c28f3486c3e47d147d90a01\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"5839f59ff1dd4e35b9e767927931a039484839e1\",\"lessThan\":\"5d336714db324bef84490c75dcc48b387ef0346e\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"5a041d25b67042cbe06a0fb292ee22fd1147e65c\",\"lessThan\":\"a693b87692b4d7c50f4fc08a996678d60534a9da\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"79eecf631c14e7f4057186570ac20e2cfac3802e\",\"lessThan\":\"cd8488fdc7116f6da277515647b167859d4f72b1\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"79eecf631c14e7f4057186570ac20e2cfac3802e\",\"lessThan\":\"f91a5b8089389eb408501af2762f168c3aaa7b79\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"3dfd84aa72fa7329ed4a257c8f40e0c9aff4dc8f\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"66f23a7b5174b5d3e7111fd2d0d5a4f3faaa12e5\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"5.4.282\",\"lessThan\":\"5.4.289\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"5.10.224\",\"lessThan\":\"5.10.233\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"5.15.165\",\"lessThan\":\"5.15.176\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.103\",\"lessThan\":\"6.1.124\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.44\",\"lessThan\":\"6.6.70\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"4.19.320\",\"lessThan\":\"4.20\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"6.10.3\",\"lessThan\":\"6.11\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"include/linux/if_vlan.h\",\"net/packet/af_packet.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"6.11\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"6.11\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.4.289\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.4.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.10.233\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.10.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.15.176\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.15.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.124\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.70\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.9\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.13\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]},{\"source\":\"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Siemens\",\"product\":\"SIMATIC 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"redhat_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
"current_release_date": "2026-08-04T14:06:41+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2024-57901",
"id": "CVE-2024-57901",
"initial_release_date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:fixed": "309",
"product_status:known_affected": "42",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "156",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "kernel: af_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2024/cve-2024-57901.json",
"version": "3"
},
"suse_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "important",
"current_release_date": "2026-08-29T01:35:35Z",
"cve": "CVE-2024-57901",
"id": "CVE-2024-57901",
"initial_release_date": "2025-01-16T03:49:00Z",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "463",
"product_status:recommended": "120",
"source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
"status": "interim",
"title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2024-57901",
"url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2024-57901.json",
"version": "22"
},
"vulnrichment": {
"containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CVE Program Container\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00001.html\"}, {\"url\": \"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00002.html\"}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\", \"shortName\": \"CVE\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-11-03T20:55:19.106Z\"}}, {\"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"Siemens\", \"product\": \"SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"*\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\"}, {\"vendor\": \"Siemens\", \"product\": \"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"V3.1.0\", \"lessThan\": \"V3.1.5\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\"}, {\"vendor\": \"Siemens\", \"product\": \"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"V3.1.0\", \"lessThan\": \"V3.1.5\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\"}, {\"vendor\": \"Siemens\", \"product\": \"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"V3.1.0\", \"lessThan\": \"V3.1.5\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\"}, {\"vendor\": \"Siemens\", \"product\": \"SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"V3.1.0\", \"lessThan\": \"V3.1.5\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\"}, {\"vendor\": \"Siemens\", \"product\": \"SIPLUS S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"V3.1.0\", \"lessThan\": \"V3.1.5\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\"}], \"x_adpType\": \"supplier\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-398330.html\"}, {\"url\": \"https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-265688.html\"}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e\", \"shortName\": \"siemens-SADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-05-12T12:01:34.173Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 5.5, \"attackVector\": \"LOCAL\", \"baseSeverity\": \"MEDIUM\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\", \"integrityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"NONE\"}}, {\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2024-57901\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2025-10-01T19:54:36.657172Z\"}}}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"description\": \"CWE-noinfo Not enough information\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-01T15:54:55.613Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"af_packet: fix vlan_get_protocol_dgram() vs MSG_PEEK\", \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 7.3, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H\"}, \"scenarios\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"AV:L - The bug is triggered by concurrent recvmsg()/recvmmsg() syscalls with MSG_PEEK on a locally created AF_PACKET SOCK_DGRAM socket; the attacker must be executing code on the host to drive both racing threads. A remote peer supplying the VLAN frame cannot alone trigger it.\\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race \\u2014 two threads looping on recvmmsg(MSG_PEEK) over the same socket \\u2014 and controls the packet contents and size, so the window can be retried indefinitely until won, as syzbot\u0027s reproducer demonstrates.\\nPR:L - Creating the packet socket requires CAP_NET_RAW, but packet_create() checks ns_capable(net-\u003euser_ns, CAP_NET_RAW), so any unprivileged user obtains it via `unshare -Urn` and can self-supply the VLAN-tagged frame on loopback inside that namespace.\\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step itself \\u2014 creating the socket, injecting the VLAN frame, and issuing the concurrent MSG_PEEK receives. No victim action is involved.\\nS:U - The corruption and its consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own memory and the attacking process\u0027s socket; no VM, IOMMU, or other security-authority boundary is crossed.\\nC:H - The non-atomic save/restore lets an inflated skb-\u003elen persist on a queued (MSG_PEEK\u0027d) skb while skb-\u003edata stays put, so skb_copy_datagram_msg() copies an attacker-growable number of bytes past skb-\u003etail \\u2014 slab tailroom and, with a size-groomed packet, skb_shared_info kernel pointers \\u2014 directly into the user\u0027s buffer.\\nI:L - The race durably corrupts kernel skb metadata (skb-\u003edata driven outside the head buffer, skb-\u003elen inflated without bound) under attacker influence, but the affected path only reads through those fields, yielding no arbitrary kernel write or control-flow primitive.\\nA:H - The demonstrated outcome is skb_push() driving skb-\u003edata below skb-\u003ehead, hitting skb_under_panic() -\u003e BUG() \\u2014 an invalid-opcode Oops that panics the box outright under panic_on_oops, common in cloud, embedded, and automotive deployments.\"}]}], \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"c77064e76c768fb101ea5ff92dc771142fc9d8fd\", \"lessThan\": \"560cbdd26b510626f3f4f27d34c44dfd3dd3499d\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"83e2dfadcb6258fe3111c8a8ec9cf34465e55e64\", \"lessThan\": \"0d3fa6c3c9ca7aa255696150f5b759ac4a4974e1\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"d0a1f9aa70f0d8a05b6320e8a3f3b83adab8dac3\", \"lessThan\": \"de4f8d477c67ec1d7c28f3486c3e47d147d90a01\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"5839f59ff1dd4e35b9e767927931a039484839e1\", \"lessThan\": \"5d336714db324bef84490c75dcc48b387ef0346e\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"5a041d25b67042cbe06a0fb292ee22fd1147e65c\", \"lessThan\": \"a693b87692b4d7c50f4fc08a996678d60534a9da\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"79eecf631c14e7f4057186570ac20e2cfac3802e\", \"lessThan\": \"cd8488fdc7116f6da277515647b167859d4f72b1\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"79eecf631c14e7f4057186570ac20e2cfac3802e\", \"lessThan\": \"f91a5b8089389eb408501af2762f168c3aaa7b79\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"3dfd84aa72fa7329ed4a257c8f40e0c9aff4dc8f\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"66f23a7b5174b5d3e7111fd2d0d5a4f3faaa12e5\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"5.4.282\", \"lessThan\": \"5.4.289\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"5.10.224\", \"lessThan\": \"5.10.233\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", 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\"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.4.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.10.233\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.10.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.15.176\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.15.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.1.124\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.1.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.6.70\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.6.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.12.9\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.12.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.13\", \"versionType\": \"original_commit_for_fix\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"*\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"include/linux/if_vlan.h\", \"net/packet/af_packet.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"affected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/560cbdd26b510626f3f4f27d34c44dfd3dd3499d\"}, {\"url\": 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argument.\\n\\n[1]\\nskbuff: skb_under_panic: text:ffffffff8a8ccd05 len:29 put:14 head:ffff88807fc8e400 data:ffff88807fc8e3f4 tail:0x11 end:0x140 dev:\u003cNULL\u003e\\n------------[ cut here ]------------\\n kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:206 !\\nOops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI\\nCPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 5892 Comm: syz-executor883 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc4-syzkaller-00054-gd6ef8b40d075 #0\\nHardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024\\n RIP: 0010:skb_panic net/core/skbuff.c:206 [inline]\\n RIP: 0010:skb_under_panic+0x14b/0x150 net/core/skbuff.c:216\\nCode: 0b 8d 48 c7 c6 86 d5 25 8e 48 8b 54 24 08 8b 0c 24 44 8b 44 24 04 4d 89 e9 50 41 54 41 57 41 56 e8 5a 69 79 f7 48 83 c4 20 90 \u003c0f\u003e 0b 0f 1f 00 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 f3\\nRSP: 0018:ffffc900038d7638 EFLAGS: 00010282\\nRAX: 0000000000000087 RBX: dffffc0000000000 RCX: 609ffd18ea660600\\nRDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000080000000 RDI: 0000000000000000\\nRBP: ffff88802483c8d0 R08: ffffffff817f0a8c R09: 1ffff9200071ae60\\nR10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffff5200071ae61 R12: 0000000000000140\\nR13: ffff88807fc8e400 R14: ffff88807fc8e3f4 R15: 0000000000000011\\nFS: 00007fbac5e006c0(0000) GS:ffff8880b8700000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\\nCS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\\nCR2: 00007fbac5e00d58 CR3: 000000001238e000 CR4: 00000000003526f0\\nDR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\\nDR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\\nCall Trace:\\n \u003cTASK\u003e\\n skb_push+0xe5/0x100 net/core/skbuff.c:2636\\n vlan_get_protocol_dgram+0x165/0x290 net/packet/af_packet.c:585\\n packet_recvmsg+0x948/0x1ef0 net/packet/af_packet.c:3552\\n sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:1033 [inline]\\n sock_recvmsg+0x22f/0x280 net/socket.c:1055\\n ____sys_recvmsg+0x1c6/0x480 net/socket.c:2803\\n ___sys_recvmsg net/socket.c:2845 [inline]\\n do_recvmmsg+0x426/0xab0 net/socket.c:2940\\n __sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3014 [inline]\\n __do_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3037 [inline]\\n __se_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:3030 [inline]\\n __x64_sys_recvmmsg+0x199/0x250 net/socket.c:3030\\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\\n do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.4.289\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.4.282\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.10.233\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.10.224\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.15.176\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.15.165\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.1.124\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.1.103\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.70\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.6.44\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.9\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.11\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.13\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.11\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.19.320\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.10.3\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-05T11:46:52.279Z\"}}}",
"cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2024-57901\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-05T11:46:52.279Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-01-11T14:45:42.030Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-01-15T13:05:57.527Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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