CWE-94
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
8378 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-529F-9QWM-9628
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-18 18:45 – Updated: 2025-12-18 18:45Summary
tinacms uses the gray-matter package in an insecure way allowing attackers that can control the content of the processed markdown files, e.g., blog posts, to execute arbitrary code.
Details
The gray-matter package executes by default the code in the markdown file's front matter. tinacms does not change this behavior when process markdown file, e.g., by passing a custom engine property for js/javascript in the options object.
PoC
- Create a tinacms app using the cli/documentation:
npx create-tina-app@latest
- Modify one of the blog posts to contain the following front matter:
---js
{
"title": "Pawned" + console.log(require("fs").readFileSync("/etc/passwd").toString())
}
---
- Start the tinacms server, e.g., with
npm run dev - Observe the console of the server printing the password file, showing that attackers can execute arbitrary commands.
Impact
RCE: attackers can execute arbitrary JavaScript code on the server hosting tinacms.
Feasibility
Potential attack scenarios can be executed like this: Companies often have technical writers as contractors. These contractors produce md files, which they send over email or upload in a shared cloud folder. Developers download these files and upload them in tinacms's content folder. While this example might appear speculative or contrived, a general observation is that developers would be very surprised to find out that processing untrusted markdown files via tinacms = server-side code execution = complete machine take over. That is, tinacms users might not expect markdown files to contain anything else than data and gray-matter violates that assumption.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "tinacms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@tinacms/cli"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@tinacms/graphql"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68278"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-18T18:45:41Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-18T16:15:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n```tinacms``` uses the ```gray-matter``` package in an insecure way allowing attackers that can control the content of the processed markdown files, e.g., blog posts, to execute arbitrary code.\n\n### Details\nThe ```gray-matter``` package executes by default the code in the markdown file\u0027s front matter. ```tinacms``` does not change this behavior when process markdown file, e.g., by passing a custom engine property for js/javascript in the options object.\n\n### PoC\n1. Create a tinacms app using the cli/documentation: \n```\nnpx create-tina-app@latest\n```\n2. Modify one of the blog posts to contain the following front matter:\n```js\n---js\n{\n \"title\": \"Pawned\" + console.log(require(\"fs\").readFileSync(\"/etc/passwd\").toString())\n}\n---\n```\n3. Start the tinacms server, e.g., with ```npm run dev```\n4. Observe the console of the server printing the password file, showing that attackers can execute arbitrary commands. \n\n### Impact\nRCE: attackers can execute arbitrary JavaScript code on the server hosting tinacms.\n\n### Feasibility\nPotential attack scenarios can be executed like this: Companies often have technical writers as contractors. These contractors produce md files, which they send over email or upload in a shared cloud folder. Developers download these files and upload them in ```tinacms```\u0027s content folder. While this example might appear speculative or contrived, a general observation is that developers would be very surprised to find out that processing untrusted markdown files via ```tinacms``` = server-side code execution = complete machine take over. That is, ```tinacms``` users might not expect markdown files to contain anything else than data and ```gray-matter``` violates that assumption.",
"id": "GHSA-529f-9qwm-9628",
"modified": "2025-12-18T18:45:41Z",
"published": "2025-12-18T18:45:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms/security/advisories/GHSA-529f-9qwm-9628"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68278"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms/commit/fa7c27abef968e3f3a3e7d564f282bc566087569"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "tinacms is vulnerable to arbitrary code execution"
}
GHSA-52CC-2MVX-G968
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 18:32 – Updated: 2022-05-01 18:32PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in index.php in PicoFlat CMS 0.4.14 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the pagina parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2007-5390"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2007-10-12T10:17:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in index.php in PicoFlat CMS 0.4.14 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the pagina parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-52cc-2mvx-g968",
"modified": "2022-05-01T18:32:47Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T18:32:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-5390"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/4520"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/37686"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/27208"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/26043"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-52F8-7VMV-P56V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:42 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:42Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in ccTiddly 1.7.4 and 1.7.6 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the cct_base parameter to (1) index.php; (2) handle/proxy.php; (3) header.php, (4) include.php, and (5) workspace.php in includes/; and (6) plugins/RSS/files/rss.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-5949"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-01-23T19:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple PHP remote file inclusion vulnerabilities in ccTiddly 1.7.4 and 1.7.6 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the cct_base parameter to (1) index.php; (2) handle/proxy.php; (3) header.php, (4) include.php, and (5) workspace.php in includes/; and (6) plugins/RSS/files/rss.php.",
"id": "GHSA-52f8-7vmv-p56v",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:42:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:42:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5949"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/47072"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/7336"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/32995"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/32631"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-52F9-V427-P4GR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:58 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:58PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in cuenta/cuerpo.php in C. Desseno YouTube Blog (ytb) 0.1, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the base_archivo parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-3308"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-07-25T16:41:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in cuenta/cuerpo.php in C. Desseno YouTube Blog (ytb) 0.1, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the base_archivo parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-52f9-v427-p4gr",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:58:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:58:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-3308"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/43952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6117"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/31161"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/4037"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/30345"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-52P9-V744-MWJJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-03-29 16:30 – Updated: 2021-03-31 20:25Kramdown before 2.3.1 does not restrict Rouge formatters to the Rouge::Formatters namespace, and thus arbitrary classes can be instantiated.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "kramdown"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.16.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-28834"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-03-22T20:16:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-19T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Kramdown before 2.3.1 does not restrict Rouge formatters to the Rouge::Formatters namespace, and thus arbitrary classes can be instantiated.",
"id": "GHSA-52p9-v744-mwjj",
"modified": "2021-03-31T20:25:55Z",
"published": "2021-03-29T16:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28834"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gettalong/kramdown/pull/708"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stanhu/kramdown/commit/d6a1cbcb2caa2f8a70927f176070d126b2422760"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/stanhu/kramdown/commit/ff0218aefcf00cd5a389e17e075d36cd46d011e2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2021/03/17/security-release-gitlab-13-9-4-released/#remote-code-execution-via-unsafe-user-controlled-markdown-rendering-options"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gettalong/kramdown/compare/REL_2_3_0...REL_2_3_1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/commit/179329b5c3c118924fb242dc449d06b4ed6ccb66"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/NJCJVYHPY6LNUFM6LYZIAUIYOMVT5QGV"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/S3BBLUIDCUUR3NEE4NJLOCCAV3ALQ3O6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/SYOLQKFL6IJCQLBXV34Z4TI4O54GESPR"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4890"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Remote code execution in Kramdown"
}
GHSA-52QM-MJ8M-M5JJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:36 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:36CRLF injection vulnerability in admin/displayImage.php in Prestashop 1.4.4.1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers and conduct HTTP response splitting attacks via the name parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-4545"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2011-12-02T11:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "CRLF injection vulnerability in admin/displayImage.php in Prestashop 1.4.4.1 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers and conduct HTTP response splitting attacks via the name parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-52qm-mj8m-m5jj",
"modified": "2022-05-17T05:36:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:36:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-4545"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dognaedis.com/vulns/DGS-SEC-7.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/50785"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-52QQ-78XG-P62C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-20 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Bearsthemes Alone allows Code Injection. This issue affects Alone: from n/a through n/a.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54019"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-20T08:15:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Control of Generation of Code (\u0027Code Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Bearsthemes Alone allows Code Injection. This issue affects Alone: from n/a through n/a.",
"id": "GHSA-52qq-78xg-p62c",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:56Z",
"published": "2025-08-20T09:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54019"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/alone/vulnerability/wordpress-alone-7-8-5-arbitrary-code-execution-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-52W9-QFC2-5XQ5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-19 09:30 – Updated: 2025-08-19 09:30The Cloudflare Image Resizing plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Remote Code Execution due to missing authentication and insufficient sanitization within its hook_rest_pre_dispatch() method in all versions up to, and including, 1.5.6. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary PHP into the codebase, achieving remote code execution.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8723"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-19T08:15:30Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Cloudflare Image Resizing plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Remote Code Execution due to missing authentication and insufficient sanitization within its hook_rest_pre_dispatch() method in all versions up to, and including, 1.5.6. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary PHP into the codebase, achieving remote code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-52w9-qfc2-5xq5",
"modified": "2025-08-19T09:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-08-19T09:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8723"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3337593"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3341917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/cf-image-resizing/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/0f3b3c1a-1d45-4e2f-854a-171fe759257b?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-52WG-H24C-3WGR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-30 03:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:58The OpenHook plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Remote Code Execution in versions up to, and including, 4.3.0 via the 'php' shortcode. This allows authenticated attackers with subscriber-level permissions or above, to execute code on the server. This requires the [php] shortcode setting to be enabled on the vulnerable site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5201"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-30T03:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The OpenHook plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Remote Code Execution in versions up to, and including, 4.3.0 via the \u0027php\u0027 shortcode. This allows authenticated attackers with subscriber-level permissions or above, to execute code on the server. This requires the [php] shortcode setting to be enabled on the vulnerable site.",
"id": "GHSA-52wg-h24c-3wgr",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:58:59Z",
"published": "2023-09-30T03:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5201"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/thesis-openhook/tags/4.3.0/inc/shortcodes.php#L28"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/thesis-openhook/tags/4.3.1/inc/shortcodes.php?rev=2972840#L24"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/37b9ed0e-5af2-47c1-b2da-8d103e4c31bf?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-52XQ-V6M6-C8PW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:47 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:47PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in portfolio/commentaires/derniers_commentaires.php in Cyberfolio 7.12, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the rep parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-2228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-05-14T18:20:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in portfolio/commentaires/derniers_commentaires.php in Cyberfolio 7.12, when register_globals is enabled, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the rep parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-52xq-v6m6-c8pw",
"modified": "2022-05-01T23:47:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:47:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-2228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/42286"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/5567"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/30154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/29124"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
Mitigation
- Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
- Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation MIT-32
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.