CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14813 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-9XV5-7PC9-8RR3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-29 15:30 – Updated: 2025-06-02 21:30The Woostify Sites Library WordPress plugin before 1.4.8 does not have authorisation in an AJAX action, allowing any authenticated users, such as subscriber to update arbitrary blog options and set them to 'activated' which could lead to DoS when using a specific option name
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6279"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-29T15:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Woostify Sites Library WordPress plugin before 1.4.8 does not have authorisation in an AJAX action, allowing any authenticated users, such as subscriber to update arbitrary blog options and set them to \u0027activated\u0027 which could lead to DoS when using a specific option name",
"id": "GHSA-9xv5-7pc9-8rr3",
"modified": "2025-06-02T21:30:24Z",
"published": "2024-01-29T15:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6279"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/626bbc7d-0d0f-4418-ac61-666278a1cbdb"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9XVG-5X4X-V2HQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-02 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-02 09:31The Royal Addons for Elementor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the wpr_update_form_action_meta AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.1056. The handler is registered on both wp_ajax and wp_ajax_nopriv hooks, making it accessible to unauthenticated users. Although a nonce is verified, the nonce (wpr-addons-js) is publicly exposed in frontend JavaScript via WprConfig.nonce on any page that loads Royal Addons widgets, rendering the protection ineffective. The endpoint also lacks any capability or ownership checks and directly calls update_post_meta() with user-controlled input on a whitelisted set of form action meta keys. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify form action configuration metadata (email, submissions, Mailchimp, and webhook settings) on any post, potentially leading to webhook/email action tampering and data exfiltration via modified webhook URLs.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4024"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-02T09:16:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Royal Addons for Elementor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the `wpr_update_form_action_meta` AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 1.7.1056. The handler is registered on both `wp_ajax` and `wp_ajax_nopriv` hooks, making it accessible to unauthenticated users. Although a nonce is verified, the nonce (`wpr-addons-js`) is publicly exposed in frontend JavaScript via `WprConfig.nonce` on any page that loads Royal Addons widgets, rendering the protection ineffective. The endpoint also lacks any capability or ownership checks and directly calls `update_post_meta()` with user-controlled input on a whitelisted set of form action meta keys. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify form action configuration metadata (email, submissions, Mailchimp, and webhook settings) on any post, potentially leading to webhook/email action tampering and data exfiltration via modified webhook URLs.",
"id": "GHSA-9xvg-5x4x-v2hq",
"modified": "2026-05-02T09:31:16Z",
"published": "2026-05-02T09:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4024"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/royal-elementor-addons/tags/1.7.1049/classes/modules/forms/wpr-actions-status.php#L21"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/royal-elementor-addons/tags/1.7.1049/classes/modules/forms/wpr-actions-status.php#L73"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/royal-elementor-addons/tags/1.7.1049/plugin.php#L592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/royal-elementor-addons/trunk/classes/modules/forms/wpr-actions-status.php#L21"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/royal-elementor-addons/trunk/classes/modules/forms/wpr-actions-status.php#L73"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/royal-elementor-addons/trunk/plugin.php#L592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/2ecec7d7-d1b2-4ccf-ade6-1f78224968c6?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9XWR-6VRG-3VM6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-27 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-27 09:31The WPBakery Page Builder Addons by Livemesh plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the lvca_admin_ajax AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 3.9.4 due to missing authorization checks and insufficient input sanitization. The AJAX handler verifies a nonce but does not check user capabilities. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Subscriber-level access and above to modify plugin settings and inject malicious scripts that execute when administrators access the plugin settings page or when any user visits the frontend.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3895"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-27T08:16:40Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WPBakery Page Builder Addons by Livemesh plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the `lvca_admin_ajax` AJAX action in all versions up to, and including, 3.9.4 due to missing authorization checks and insufficient input sanitization. The AJAX handler verifies a nonce but does not check user capabilities. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with Subscriber-level access and above to modify plugin settings and inject malicious scripts that execute when administrators access the plugin settings page or when any user visits the frontend.",
"id": "GHSA-9xwr-6vrg-3vm6",
"modified": "2026-05-27T09:31:14Z",
"published": "2026-05-27T09:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3895"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/addons-for-visual-composer/tags/3.9.4/admin/admin-ajax.php#L64"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/addons-for-visual-composer/tags/3.9.4/admin/views/settings.php#L568"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/addons-for-visual-composer/tags/3.9.4/includes/helper-functions.php#L256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ff0d4000-020b-4e22-9362-a8f0f5df321e?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9XX8-GVM8-CVC3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-07 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-07 18:31The Backup Migration plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.0. This is due to a missing capability check on the 'initializeOfflineAjax' function and lack of proper nonce verification. The endpoint only validates against hardcoded tokens which are publicly exposed in the plugin's JavaScript. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to trigger the backup upload queue processing, potentially causing unexpected backup transfers to configured cloud storage targets and resource exhaustion.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-14944"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-07T17:16:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Backup Migration plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 2.0.0. This is due to a missing capability check on the \u0027initializeOfflineAjax\u0027 function and lack of proper nonce verification. The endpoint only validates against hardcoded tokens which are publicly exposed in the plugin\u0027s JavaScript. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to trigger the backup upload queue processing, potentially causing unexpected backup transfers to configured cloud storage targets and resource exhaustion.",
"id": "GHSA-9xx8-gvm8-cvc3",
"modified": "2026-04-07T18:31:37Z",
"published": "2026-04-07T18:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-14944"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/backup-backup/trunk/includes/ajax_offline.php#L112"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/backup-backup/trunk/includes/offline.php#L29"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?old=3386897\u0026old_path=backup-backup%2Ftags%2F2.0.0%2Fincludes%2Foffline.php\u0026new=3449635\u0026new_path=backup-backup%2Ftags%2F2.1.0%2Fincludes%2Foffline.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/a2a41a15-0743-48cc-8c92-7cb839fa5847?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9XXG-HRHJ-4868
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-10 06:31 – Updated: 2026-07-10 06:31The Chat Help – Click to Chat Button & Form plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 3.1.3 via the REST API endpoints /wp-json/chat-help/v1/leads and /wp-json/chat-help/v1/leads/{id}. This is due to the plugin not performing any authentication and authorization checks. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data including customer names, email addresses, phone numbers, WhatsApp messages, complete geolocation data (IP addresses, city, country, ISP, coordinates), device fingerprinting information (browser, OS, screen resolution), and WordPress account credentials (user IDs, usernames, emails, names) for logged-in users who submit forms.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-15291"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-10T05:16:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Chat Help \u2013 Click to Chat Button \u0026 Form plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 3.1.3 via the REST API endpoints /wp-json/chat-help/v1/leads and /wp-json/chat-help/v1/leads/{id}. This is due to the plugin not performing any authentication and authorization checks. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data including customer names, email addresses, phone numbers, WhatsApp messages, complete geolocation data (IP addresses, city, country, ISP, coordinates), device fingerprinting information (browser, OS, screen resolution), and WordPress account credentials (user IDs, usernames, emails, names) for logged-in users who submit forms.",
"id": "GHSA-9xxg-hrhj-4868",
"modified": "2026-07-10T06:31:21Z",
"published": "2026-07-10T06:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-15291"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/chat-help/tags/3.1.1/src/Admin/Leads.php#L149"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/chat-help/tags/3.1.1/src/Admin/Leads.php#L157"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/chat-help/tags/3.1.1/src/Admin/Leads.php#L207"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/chat-help/tags/3.1.1/src/Admin/Leads.php#L234"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=3394141%40chat-help%2Ftrunk\u0026old=3390862%40chat-help%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/91654765-6631-4eb4-9971-32b7db7933e1?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9XXR-MC6P-4X5G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-12 00:01 – Updated: 2022-05-20 00:00SAP NetWeaver Application Server for ABAP and ABAP Platform do not perform necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user, resulting in escalation of privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-29611"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-11T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "SAP NetWeaver Application Server for ABAP and ABAP Platform do not perform necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user, resulting in escalation of privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-9xxr-mc6p-4x5g",
"modified": "2022-05-20T00:00:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-12T00:01:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29611"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3165801"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C22H-RP8F-34CR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-23 06:32 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:32The Product Table for WooCommerce by CodeAstrology (wooproducttable.com) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 3.5.1 via the var_dump_table parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers var data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10813"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-23T04:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Product Table for WooCommerce by CodeAstrology (wooproducttable.com) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 3.5.1 via the var_dump_table parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers var data.",
"id": "GHSA-c22h-rp8f-34cr",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:32:57Z",
"published": "2024-11-23T06:32:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10813"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woo-product-table/trunk/inc/shortcode-base.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3195719/woo-product-table/trunk/inc/shortcode-base.php?contextall=1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e67f680a-8942-45fa-8458-a27c78045aa1?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C22M-68HJ-67C6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:38 – Updated: 2022-10-07 00:00SAP Banking Services (Generic Market Data) 400, 450, and 500 does not perform necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user, resulting in escalation of privileges. An unauthorized User is allowed to display restricted Business Partner Generic Market Data (GMD), due to improper authorization check.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21467"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-12T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP Banking Services (Generic Market Data) 400, 450, and 500 does not perform necessary authorization checks for an authenticated user, resulting in escalation of privileges. An unauthorized User is allowed to display restricted Business Partner Generic Market Data (GMD), due to improper authorization check.",
"id": "GHSA-c22m-68hj-67c6",
"modified": "2022-10-07T00:00:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:38:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21467"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://i7p.wdf.sap.corp/sap/support/notes/3008422"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3008422"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=564760476"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C26H-8H4P-4JGJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:28 – Updated: 2022-12-29 01:44A missing permission check in Jenkins MongoDB Plugin 1.3 and earlier allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to gain access to some metadata of any arbitrary files on the Jenkins controller.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:mongodb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-2267"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-29T01:44:29Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-09-16T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A missing permission check in Jenkins MongoDB Plugin 1.3 and earlier allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to gain access to some metadata of any arbitrary files on the Jenkins controller.",
"id": "GHSA-c26h-8h4p-4jgj",
"modified": "2022-12-29T01:44:29Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:28:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-2267"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/mongodb-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2020-09-16/#SECURITY-1904"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/09/16/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Missing permission checks in MongoDB Plugin"
}
GHSA-C26W-X939-X27R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-15 00:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:56In launchConfirmationActivity of ChooseLockSettingsHelper.java, there is a possible way to enable developer options without the lockscreen PIN due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21234"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-14T22:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In launchConfirmationActivity of ChooseLockSettingsHelper.java, there is a possible way to enable developer options without the lockscreen PIN due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-c26w-x939-x27r",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:56:30Z",
"published": "2023-08-15T00:31:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21234"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/wear/2023-08-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.