Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14809 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-9WJF-HF88-CPV7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-26 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ex-Themes WooEvents allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WooEvents: from n/a through 4.1.7.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-60121"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-26T09:15:39Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ex-Themes WooEvents allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects WooEvents: from n/a through 4.1.7.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wjf-hf88-cpv7",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:21Z",
  "published": "2025-09-26T09:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60121"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/woo-events/vulnerability/wordpress-wooevents-plugin-4-1-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WJP-M7PW-VF4C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Prodigy Commerce Prodigy Commerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Prodigy Commerce: from n/a through 3.0.9.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54251"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:43Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Prodigy Commerce Prodigy Commerce allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Prodigy Commerce: from n/a through 3.0.9.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wjp-m7pw-vf4c",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:42Z",
  "published": "2024-12-09T15:31:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54251"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/prodigy-commerce/vulnerability/wordpress-prodigy-commerce-plugin-3-0-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WP3-36F6-C335

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-16 00:54 – Updated: 2026-04-16 00:54
VLAI
Details

The Paid Membership Plugin, Ecommerce, User Registration Form, Login Form, User Profile & Restrict Content – ProfilePress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 4.16.12. This is due to the 'process_checkout' function not properly enforcing the plan active status check when a 'change_plan_sub_id' parameter is provided. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to subscribe to inactive membership plans by supplying an arbitrary 'change_plan_sub_id' value in the checkout request.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-4949"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-15T23:16:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Paid Membership Plugin, Ecommerce, User Registration Form, Login Form, User Profile \u0026 Restrict Content \u2013 ProfilePress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in all versions up to, and including, 4.16.12. This is due to the \u0027process_checkout\u0027 function not properly enforcing the plan active status check when a \u0027change_plan_sub_id\u0027 parameter is provided. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to subscribe to inactive membership plans by supplying an arbitrary \u0027change_plan_sub_id\u0027 value in the checkout request.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wp3-36f6-c335",
  "modified": "2026-04-16T00:54:04Z",
  "published": "2026-04-16T00:54:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4949"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-avatar/tags/4.16.10/src/Admin/SettingsPages/Membership/PlansPage/SettingsPage.php#L107"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-avatar/tags/4.16.10/src/Admin/SettingsPages/Membership/views/add-edit-plan.php#L24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-avatar/tags/4.16.10/src/Membership/Controllers/CheckoutController.php#L223"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-avatar/tags/4.16.10/src/Membership/Controllers/CheckoutController.php#L239"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-user-avatar/tags/4.16.10/src/Membership/Models/Subscription/SubscriptionEntity.php#L461"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3497425/wp-user-avatar#file14"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/4cc29d32-2727-42df-bd42-2caf0f182c0e?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WPF-8R7R-QRFF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-19 21:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Cool Plugins Elementor Contact Form DB sb-elementor-contact-form-db allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Elementor Contact Form DB: from n/a through <= 2.1.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-25320"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T09:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Cool Plugins Elementor Contact Form DB sb-elementor-contact-form-db allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Elementor Contact Form DB: from n/a through \u003c= 2.1.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wpf-8r7r-qrff",
  "modified": "2026-02-19T21:30:44Z",
  "published": "2026-02-19T18:31:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25320"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/sb-elementor-contact-form-db/vulnerability/wordpress-elementor-contact-form-db-plugin-2-1-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WPJ-FH38-976G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-27 03:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in microsoftstart MSN Partner Hub microsoft-start allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects MSN Partner Hub: from n/a through <= 2.8.7.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62931"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-27T02:15:52Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in microsoftstart MSN Partner Hub microsoft-start allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects MSN Partner Hub: from n/a through \u003c= 2.8.7.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wpj-fh38-976g",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:36Z",
  "published": "2025-10-27T03:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62931"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/microsoft-start/vulnerability/wordpress-msn-partner-hub-plugin-2-8-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/microsoft-start/vulnerability/wordpress-msn-partner-hub-plugin-2-8-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/microsoft-start/vulnerability/wordpress-msn-partner-hub-plugin-2-8-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WPJ-H5JQ-88P9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-19 00:01 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32
VLAI
Details

It was discovered, that redis, a persistent key-value database, due to a packaging issue, is prone to a (Debian-specific) Lua sandbox escape, which could result in remote code execution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-0543"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-02-18T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "It was discovered, that redis, a persistent key-value database, due to a packaging issue, is prone to a (Debian-specific) Lua sandbox escape, which could result in remote code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wpj-h5jq-88p9",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:30Z",
  "published": "2022-02-19T00:01:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0543"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugs.debian.org/1005787"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/2022/msg00048.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220331-0004"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2022-0543"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5081"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ubercomp.com/posts/2022-01-20_redis_on_debian_rce"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/166885/Redis-Lua-Sandbox-Escape.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WQ6-87HW-6MHC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-10 21:31 – Updated: 2025-10-27 23:14
VLAI
Summary
PowerJob OpenAPIController is missing authorization
Details

A security vulnerability has been detected in PowerJob up to 5.1.2. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /openApi/runJob of the component OpenAPIController. Such manipulation leads to missing authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "tech.powerjob:powerjob-server-starter"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "5.1.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-11581"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-27T23:14:20Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-10T19:15:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in PowerJob up to 5.1.2. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /openApi/runJob of the component OpenAPIController. Such manipulation leads to missing authorization. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wq6-87hw-6mhc",
  "modified": "2025-10-27T23:14:20Z",
  "published": "2025-10-10T21:31:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11581"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/PowerJob/PowerJob/issues/1128"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/PowerJob/PowerJob"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.327903"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.327903"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.662558"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "PowerJob OpenAPIController is missing authorization "
}

GHSA-9WQF-66MP-543V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-14 06:31 – Updated: 2023-02-22 18:30
VLAI
Details

SAP Fiori apps for Travel Management in SAP ERP (My Travel Requests) - version 600, allows an authenticated attacker to exploit a certain misconfigured application endpoint to view sensitive data. This endpoint is normally exposed over the network and successful exploitation can lead to exposure of data like travel documents.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-24528"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-14T04:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "SAP Fiori apps for Travel Management in SAP ERP (My Travel Requests) - version 600, allows an authenticated attacker to exploit a certain misconfigured application endpoint to view sensitive data. This endpoint is normally exposed over the network and successful exploitation can lead to exposure of data like travel documents.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wqf-66mp-543v",
  "modified": "2023-02-22T18:30:33Z",
  "published": "2023-02-14T06:31:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24528"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3290901"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WQX-3624-P2V9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-21 18:31 – Updated: 2026-07-21 18:31
VLAI
Details

SolarWinds Serv-U is affected by a privilege escalation vulnerability that allows a domain administrator to escalate their user type to that of a system administrator. The impact is lower in Windows deployments.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-28310"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-21T16:17:08Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "SolarWinds Serv-U is affected by a privilege escalation vulnerability that allows a domain administrator to escalate their user type to that of a system administrator. The impact is lower in Windows deployments.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wqx-3624-p2v9",
  "modified": "2026-07-21T18:31:01Z",
  "published": "2026-07-21T18:31:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28310"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://documentation.solarwinds.com/en/success_center/servu/content/release_notes/servu_2026-3_release_notes.htm"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://https://www.solarwinds.com/trust-center/security-advisories/CVE-2026-28310"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WVH-FF5F-XJPJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-15 01:57 – Updated: 2021-05-17 16:40
VLAI
Summary
Missing Authorization in Harbor
Details

core/api/user.go in Harbor 1.7.0 through 1.8.2 allows non-admin users to create admin accounts via the POST /api/users API. This is fixed in 1.9.0-rc1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.8.9"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/goharbor/harbor"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.7.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.9.0-rc1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-16097"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-17T16:40:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "core/api/user.go in Harbor 1.7.0 through 1.8.2 allows non-admin users to create admin accounts via the POST /api/users API. This is fixed in 1.9.0-rc1.",
  "id": "GHSA-9wvh-ff5f-xjpj",
  "modified": "2021-05-17T16:40:42Z",
  "published": "2022-02-15T01:57:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-16097"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/commit/b6db8a8a106259ec9a2c48be8a380cb3b37cf517"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/compare/v1.8.2...v1.9.0-rc1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/releases/tag/v1.7.6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/releases/tag/v1.8.3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ianxtianxt/CVE-2019-16097"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/critical-vulnerability-in-harbor-enables-privilege-escalation-from-zero-to-admin-cve-2019-16097"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2019-0015.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Missing Authorization in Harbor"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.