Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-79

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.

66726 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-54188 (GCVE-0-2026-54188)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-17 09:51 – Updated: 2026-06-17 15:36
VLAI
Title
WordPress JetEngine plugin <= 3.8.10 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Unauthenticated Cross Site Scripting (XSS) in JetEngine <= 3.8.10 versions.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Jetimpex Inc. JetEngine Affected: n/a , ≤ 3.8.10 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
VanTastic | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54158 (GCVE-0-2026-54158)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 21:19 – Updated: 2026-06-25 23:12
VLAI
Title
SiYuan: Stored XSS to RCE via attribute-view cell rendering in genAVValueHTML()
Summary
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.0, the attribute-view (database) cell renderer genAVValueHTML interpolates cell content raw in four of its branches: text, url, phone, and mAsset. A cell value like </textarea><img src=x onerror="..."> or "><img src=x onerror="..."> breaks out of its surrounding tag and runs arbitrary JavaScript in the renderer when the victim opens the block-attribute panel. On Electron desktop the renderer runs with nodeIntegration:true, so the XSS chains to host RCE via require('child_process'). AV files live under the workspace and ride normal sync, so an attacker with write access to any synced workspace plants the payload once and it fires on every device that opens a panel containing that row.he kernel doesn't escape on the way in either, so the malicious cell persists byte-for-byte. There's no equivalent of the html.EscapeAttrVal call that protects block IAL attributes at kernel/model/blockial.go:261. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.7.0.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-1188 - Insecure Default Initialization of Resource
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
siyuan-note siyuan Affected: < 3.7.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54070 (GCVE-0-2026-54070)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 21:18 – Updated: 2026-06-26 18:43
VLAI
Title
SiYuan: Stored XSS in Bazaar marketplace via package README event handlers
Summary
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.0, renderPackageREADME in kernel/bazaar/readme.go renders a Bazaar package README from Markdown to HTML with the lute engine and SetSanitize(true). The lute sanitizer is an event-handler blocklist: allowAttr rejects only attribute names present in a fixed eventAttrs map copied from the w3schools legacy handler list. That map omits modern event handlers. onpointerover, onpointerdown, onauxclick, onbeforetoggle, onfocusin, onanimationstart, and ontransitionend are not in the list, so the sanitizer passes them through verbatim on any tag. The frontend assigns the rendered HTML to mdElement.innerHTML in app/src/config/bazaar.ts with no client-side DOMPurify on this path, into a normal element in the main document (no iframe, no sandbox). The kernel sends no Content-Security-Policy, X-Frame-Options, or X-Content-Type-Options header on any response, so an inline handler runs when its event fires. The README is rendered when an Administrator opens a package in Settings → Marketplace, after the one-time marketplace trust consent. Install is not required. Result: a third-party Bazaar package author runs JavaScript in the Administrator's authenticated SiYuan origin when the Administrator views and interacts with the package listing, and gains full control of the workspace. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.7.0.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-184 - Incomplete List of Disallowed Inputs
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
siyuan-note siyuan Affected: < 3.7.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54067 (GCVE-0-2026-54067)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 21:14 – Updated: 2026-06-25 15:29
VLAI
Title
SiYuan: Stored XSS to RCE via CSS-snippet <style> breakout in renderSnippet()
Summary
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.0, CSS snippet body containing </style> breaks out of its surrounding <style> tag when renderSnippet() interpolates it via insertAdjacentHTML. A payload like runs arbitrary JavaScript in the renderer. On Electron desktop builds the renderer runs with nodeIntegration:true, so require('child_process') is reachable from the injected handler and the XSS chains to host RCE. Snippets sync via the workspace repository, so an attacker with write access to any synced workspace plants the payload once and it fires on every device that pulls. The bug also bypasses the user's enabledCSS / enabledJS separation. A user who turned enabledJS off was making a deliberate call not to run untrusted JavaScript; the CSS path runs it anyway. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.7.0.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-1188 - Insecure Default Initialization of Resource
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
siyuan-note siyuan Affected: < 3.7.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-54025 (GCVE-0-2026-54025)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-25 15:53 – Updated: 2026-06-25 18:02
VLAI
Title
LibreChat: Stored XSS via unescaped image alt text in markdown artifact preview
Summary
LibreChat is an enhanced ChatGPT clone that supports multiple AI providers. Prior to 0.8.4-rc1, there is a vulnerability in LibreChat's markdown artifact preview pipeline. The marked library v15.0.12 does not HTML-escape double-quote characters in image alt text when a custom renderer falls through to the default renderer. LibreChat's generateMarkdownHtml function (in client/src/utils/markdown.ts) installs a custom image renderer that returns false for URLs passing the isSafeUrl allowlist check, which causes marked to fall back to its built-in renderer. That built-in renderer inserts the raw alt text into the alt="..." attribute without escaping double-quote characters. An attacker can craft an alt text such as " onload="payload to break out of the attribute and inject an arbitrary event handler. The resulting HTML is then assigned to document.getElementById('content').innerHTML inside the Sandpack preview iframe, causing the payload to execute in the victim's browser. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.8.4-rc1.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
danny-avila LibreChat Affected: < 0.8.4-rc1
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CVE-2026-54013 (GCVE-0-2026-54013)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 16:46 – Updated: 2026-06-26 19:25
VLAI
Title
Open WebUI: Stored XSS to Account Takeover via Model Profile Images in Open WebUI
Summary
Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to 0.9.6, Open WebUI patched SVG XSS in user profile images and webhook profile images but forgot to apply the same fix to model profile images. The ModelMeta class has no validate_profile_image_url field validator, and the model image serving endpoint has no MIME allowlist or nosniff header. Any authenticated user with workspace.models permission (enabled by default) can store a data:image/svg+xml;base64,... payload in a model's profile image and achieve full account takeover of anyone who navigates to the image URL. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.9.6.
Severity
7.6 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
  • CWE-693 - Protection Mechanism Failure
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
open-webui open-webui Affected: < 0.9.6
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-54011 (GCVE-0-2026-54011)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 16:47 – Updated: 2026-06-23 17:55
VLAI
Title
Open WebUI: Stored XSS in Mermaid Markdown Preview
Summary
Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to 0.9.6,Open WebUI renders Mermaid blocks from Markdown files in the file preview panel and inserts the generated SVG into the DOM using innerHTML. Because Mermaid is configured with securityLevel: 'loose', attacker-controlled Mermaid content can be rendered unsafely in this flow. A working payload was validated through the Markdown preview path, resulting in JavaScript execution in the victim’s browser under the application origin. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.9.6.
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
open-webui open-webui Affected: < 0.9.6
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-54002 (GCVE-0-2026-54002)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-09 18:34 – Updated: 2026-07-09 19:26
VLAI
Title
Kirby: Cross-site scripting (XSS) from incomplete HTML/XML sanitization in `Dom::sanitize()`
Summary
Kirby is an open-source content management system. Prior to 4.9.4 and 5.4.4, Kirby sites and plugins that use the writer or list fields or call Dom::sanitize(), Sane::sanitize(), Sane::Html::sanitize(), Sane::Svg::sanitize(), Sane::Xml::sanitize(), Sane::sanitizeFile(), or file sanitizeContents() with untrusted input allow malicious markup injected as children of an unknown HTML or XML tag to pass through Dom::sanitize() without being correctly sanitized, causing stored cross-site scripting. This issue is fixed in versions 4.9.4 and 5.4.4.
Severity
8.5 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-87 - Improper Neutralization of Alternate XSS Syntax
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
getkirby kirby Affected: < 4.9.4
Affected: >= 5.0.0, < 5.4.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-53987 (GCVE-0-2026-53987)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-09 15:44 – Updated: 2026-07-10 15:37
VLAI
Title
GLPI 11 before 2.14.4 Tag Plugin Stored Cross-Site Scripting in Kanban Badge Rendering
Summary
The Tag plugin for GLPI 11 before 2.14.4 stores the tag name without HTML sanitization and renders it into the Kanban badge markup via PluginTagTag::preKanbanContent() without output escaping, resulting in stored cross-site scripting. An authenticated user with TAG MANAGEMENT create or update rights can set a tag name containing HTML, which then executes in the browser of any user who opens the Kanban view of a ticket, problem, change, or project the tag is attached to.
Severity
7.3 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Tag plugin GLPI 11 Affected: 2.6.0 , < 2.14.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-09 00:00
Credits
chapochapo
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-53963 (GCVE-0-2026-53963)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-09 22:05 – Updated: 2026-07-14 01:19
VLAI
Title
Discourse: Stored-XSS in 2FA delete confirmation modal
Summary
Discourse is an open-source discussion platform. Prior to 2026.6.0, 2026.5.1, 2026.4.2, and 2026.1.5, a malicious second factor name on an attacker-controlled account was not escaped in the delete confirmation dialog, allowing stored cross-site scripting when an administrator impersonated that account. This issue is fixed in versions 2026.6.0, 2026.5.1, 2026.4.2, and 2026.1.5.
Severity
7.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
discourse discourse Affected: >= 2026.1.0-latest, < 2026.1.5
Affected: >= 2026.4.0-latest, < 2026.4.2
Affected: >= 2026.5.0-latest, < 2026.5.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation Architecture and Design
  • Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
  • For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
  • Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
  • etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
  • Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
  • HTML body
  • Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
  • URIs
  • JavaScript sections
  • Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.

Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

  • Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
  • The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation

With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.

Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
  • Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
  • Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
  • Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch

An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.

CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.

CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.

CAPEC-592: Stored XSS

An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.

CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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