Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-601

Allowed

URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.

2304 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-XF64-8WFW-HQ58

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:01 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:40
VLAI
Details

An Open Redirect vulnerability for all browsers in MAIL2000 through version 6.0 and 7.0, which will redirect to a malicious site without authentication. This vulnerability affects many mail system of governments, organizations, companies and universities.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-15073"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-11-20T05:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability for all browsers in MAIL2000 through version 6.0 and 7.0, which will redirect to a malicious site without authentication. This vulnerability affects many mail system of governments, organizations, companies and universities.",
  "id": "GHSA-xf64-8wfw-hq58",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T02:40:10Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:01:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15073"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/chtsecurity/512ebad24dddffb5321cf5f1a336f90f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/tonykuo76/ed1cc21cf755bfb8b67ca24f50bded13"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tvn.twcert.org.tw/taiwanvn/TVN-201909003"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.chtsecurity.com/download/258686130f7a16063c765f9e79cffd813409f6fe61c2dec05fceca541762d5bd.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.openfind.com.tw/taiwan/resource.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-128-3087-5cecd-2.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XF65-PWFC-RXCM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:40 – Updated: 2022-08-25 00:00
VLAI
Details

The logout endpoint /oauth/logout?redirect=url can be abused to redirect logged in users to arbitrary web pages. This vulnerability could be used in phishing attacks. Versions shipped with Red Hat Mobile Aplication Platform 4 are believed to be vulnerable.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-1723"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-01-28T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The logout endpoint /oauth/logout?redirect=url can be abused to redirect logged in users to arbitrary web pages. This vulnerability could be used in phishing attacks. Versions shipped with Red Hat Mobile Aplication Platform 4 are believed to be vulnerable.",
  "id": "GHSA-xf65-pwfc-rxcm",
  "modified": "2022-08-25T00:00:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:40:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-1723"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1770276"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.redhat.com/browse/KEYCLOAK-11318"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XFFP-6W68-4775

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-07 20:02 – Updated: 2024-06-07 20:02
VLAI
Summary
Zendframework Remote Address Spoofing Vector in `Zend\Http\PhpEnvironment\RemoteAddress`
Details

The Zend\Http\PhpEnvironment\RemoteAddress class provides features around detecting the internet protocol (IP) address for an incoming proxied request via the X-Forwarded-For header, taking into account a provided list of trusted proxy server IPs. Prior to 2.2.5, the class was not taking into account whether or not the IP address contained in PHP's $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] was in the trusted proxy server list.

The IETF draft specification indicates that if $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] is not a trusted proxy, it must be considered the originating IP address, and the value of X-Forwarded-For must be disregarded.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "zendframework/zendframework"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.2.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.2.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-06-07T20:02:07Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The `Zend\\Http\\PhpEnvironment\\RemoteAddress` class provides features around detecting the internet protocol (IP) address for an incoming proxied request via the X-Forwarded-For header, taking into account a provided list of trusted proxy server IPs. Prior to 2.2.5, the class was not taking into account whether or not the IP address contained in PHP\u0027s `$_SERVER[\u0027REMOTE_ADDR\u0027]` was in the trusted proxy server list.\n\nThe IETF draft specification indicates that if `$_SERVER[\u0027REMOTE_ADDR\u0027]` is not a trusted proxy, it must be considered the originating IP address, and the value of X-Forwarded-For must be disregarded.",
  "id": "GHSA-xffp-6w68-4775",
  "modified": "2024-06-07T20:02:07Z",
  "published": "2024-06-07T20:02:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zendframework/zendframework/commit/bb6784461d3b23ef1db4be8cf47957ccc3b681ed"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://framework.zend.com/security/advisory/ZF2013-04"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/zendframework/zendframework/ZF2013-04.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/zendframework/zendframework"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Zendframework Remote Address Spoofing Vector in `Zend\\Http\\PhpEnvironment\\RemoteAddress`"
}

GHSA-XFX9-Q5GV-952R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-21 21:30 – Updated: 2025-01-21 21:30
VLAI
Details

Vulnerability in the JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools product of Oracle JD Edwards (component: Web Runtime SEC). Supported versions that are affected are Prior to 9.2.9.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools accessible data as well as unauthorized read access to a subset of JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-21512"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-21T21:15:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability in the JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools product of Oracle JD Edwards (component: Web Runtime SEC).  Supported versions that are affected are Prior to 9.2.9.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools.  Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in  unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools accessible data as well as  unauthorized read access to a subset of JD Edwards EnterpriseOne Tools accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts).  CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).",
  "id": "GHSA-xfx9-q5gv-952r",
  "modified": "2025-01-21T21:30:55Z",
  "published": "2025-01-21T21:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21512"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2025.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XG6R-CJQ3-QMJ5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 09:33 – Updated: 2026-06-05 09:33
VLAI
Details

HCL Digital Experience and HCL Digital Experience Compose could be susceptible to Host header injection.  An attacker can manipulate the Host header and cause the application to behave in unexpected ways.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-21826"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-05T07:16:29Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "HCL Digital Experience and HCL Digital Experience Compose could be susceptible to Host header injection. \u00a0An attacker can manipulate the Host header\u00a0and cause the application to behave in unexpected ways.",
  "id": "GHSA-xg6r-cjq3-qmj5",
  "modified": "2026-06-05T09:33:46Z",
  "published": "2026-06-05T09:33:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21826"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0130849"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XGCG-2HVP-FJ6W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-15 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-15 15:31
VLAI
Details

A cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in Grafana caused by combining a client path traversal and open redirect. This allows attackers to redirect users to a website that hosts a frontend plugin that will execute arbitrary JavaScript. This vulnerability does not require editor permissions and if anonymous access is enabled, the XSS will work. If the Grafana Image Renderer plugin is installed, it is possible to exploit the open redirect to achieve a full read SSRF. The default Content-Security-Policy (CSP) in Grafana will block the XSS though the connect-src directive.

Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-22638"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-15T14:16:27Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in Grafana caused by combining a client path traversal and open redirect. This allows attackers to redirect users to a website that hosts a frontend plugin that will execute arbitrary JavaScript. This vulnerability does not require editor permissions and if anonymous access is enabled, the XSS will work. If the Grafana Image Renderer plugin is installed, it is possible to exploit the open redirect to achieve a full read SSRF. The default Content-Security-Policy (CSP) in Grafana will block the XSS though the `connect-src` directive.",
  "id": "GHSA-xgcg-2hvp-fj6w",
  "modified": "2026-01-15T15:31:19Z",
  "published": "2026-01-15T15:31:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22638"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sick.com/psirt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/sca-2026-0002.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/sca-2026-0002.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.sick.com/media/docs/9/19/719/special_information_sick_operating_guidelines_cybersecurity_by_sick_en_im0106719.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XGMP-RP9G-WPPG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:21 – Updated: 2025-04-12 12:49
VLAI
Details

Open redirect vulnerability in Novius OS 5.0.1 (Elche) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the redirect parameter to admin/nos/login.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2015-5354"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2015-07-01T16:59:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Novius OS 5.0.1 (Elche) allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the redirect parameter to admin/nos/login.",
  "id": "GHSA-xgmp-rp9g-wppg",
  "modified": "2025-04-12T12:49:16Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:21:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5354"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37439"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://hyp3rlinx.altervista.org/advisories/AS-NOVIUSOS0629.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/132478/Novius-OS-5.0.1-elche-XSS-LFI-Open-Redirect.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/535876/100/0/threaded"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-XGRQ-27CP-45V2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-11 18:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:35
VLAI
Details

An open redirect vulnerability in the sanitize_url() parameter of CouchCMS v2.3 allows attackers to redirect a victim user to an arbitrary web site via a crafted URL.

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-41609"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-09-11T18:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An open redirect vulnerability in the sanitize_url() parameter of CouchCMS v2.3 allows attackers to redirect a victim user to an arbitrary web site via a crafted URL.",
  "id": "GHSA-xgrq-27cp-45v2",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T07:35:36Z",
  "published": "2023-09-11T18:31:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41609"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CouchCMS/CouchCMS/issues/190"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XGWP-WF98-3XHC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-29 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00
VLAI
Details

Unauthenticated redirection to a malicious website

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-27509"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-07-28T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Unauthenticated redirection to a malicious website",
  "id": "GHSA-xgwp-wf98-3xhc",
  "modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:49Z",
  "published": "2022-07-29T00:00:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27509"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX457836"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XH43-G2FQ-WJRJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-25 22:41 – Updated: 2026-02-25 22:41
VLAI
Summary
Angular SSR has an Open Redirect via X-Forwarded-Prefix
Details

An Open Redirect vulnerability exists in the internal URL processing logic in Angular SSR. The logic normalizes URL segments by stripping leading slashes; however, it only removes a single leading slash.

When an Angular SSR application is deployed behind a proxy that passes the X-Forwarded-Prefix header, an attacker can provide a value starting with three slashes (e.g., ///evil.com).

  1. The application processes a redirect (e.g., from a router redirectTo or i18n locale switch).
  2. Angular receives ///evil.com as the prefix.
  3. It strips one slash, leaving //evil.com.
  4. The resulting string is used in the Location header.
  5. Modern browsers interpret // as a protocol-relative URL, redirecting the user from https://your-app.com to https://evil.com.

Impact

This vulnerability allows attackers to conduct large-scale phishing and SEO hijacking: - Scale: A single request can poison a high-traffic route, impacting all users until the cache expires. - SEO Poisoning: Search engine crawlers may follow and index these malicious redirects, causing the legitimate site to be delisted or associated with malicious domains. - Trust: Because the initial URL belongs to the trusted domain, users and security tools are less likely to flag the redirect as malicious.

Attack Preconditions

  • The application must use Angular SSR.
  • The application must have routes that perform internal redirects.
  • The infrastructure (Reverse Proxy/CDN) must pass the X-Forwarded-Prefix header to the SSR process without sanitization.
  • The cache must not vary on the X-Forwarded-Prefix header.

Patches

  • 21.2.0-rc.1
  • 21.1.5
  • 20.3.17
  • 19.2.21

Workarounds

Until the patch is applied, developers should sanitize the X-Forwarded-Prefix header in theirserver.ts before the Angular engine processes the request:

app.use((req, res, next) => {
  const prefix = req.headers['x-forwarded-prefix']?.trim();
  if (prefix) {
    // Sanitize by removing all leading slashes
    req.headers['x-forwarded-prefix'] = prefix.replace(/^[/\\]+/, '/');
  }
  next();
});

Resources

Severity
6.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 21.2.0-rc.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@angular/ssr"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "21.2.0-next.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "21.2.0-rc.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@angular/ssr"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "21.0.0-next.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "21.1.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@angular/ssr"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "20.0.0-next.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "20.3.17"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@angular/ssr"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.0.0-next.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.2.21"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27738"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-601"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-25T22:41:57Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-25T17:25:40Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability exists in the internal URL processing logic in Angular SSR. The logic normalizes URL segments by stripping leading slashes; however, it only removes a single leading slash.\n\nWhen an Angular SSR application is deployed behind a proxy that passes the `X-Forwarded-Prefix` header, an attacker can provide a value starting with three slashes (e.g., `///evil.com`).\n\n1. The application processes a redirect (e.g., from a router `redirectTo` or i18n locale switch).\n2. Angular receives `///evil.com` as the prefix.\n3. It strips one slash, leaving `//evil.com`.\n4. The resulting string is used in the `Location` header.\n5. Modern browsers interpret `//` as a protocol-relative URL, redirecting the user from `https://your-app.com` to `https://evil.com`.\n\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability allows attackers to conduct large-scale phishing and SEO hijacking:\n- **Scale:** A single request can poison a high-traffic route, impacting all users until the cache expires.\n- **SEO Poisoning:** Search engine crawlers may follow and index these malicious redirects, causing the legitimate site to be delisted or associated with malicious domains.\n- **Trust:** Because the initial URL belongs to the trusted domain, users and security tools are less likely to flag the redirect as malicious.\n\n### Attack Preconditions\n\n- The application must use Angular SSR.\n- The application must have routes that perform internal redirects.\n- The infrastructure (Reverse Proxy/CDN) must pass the `X-Forwarded-Prefix` header to the SSR process without sanitization.\n- The cache must not vary on the `X-Forwarded-Prefix` header.\n\n### Patches\n- 21.2.0-rc.1\n- 21.1.5\n- 20.3.17\n- 19.2.21\n\n### Workarounds\nUntil the patch is applied, developers should sanitize the `X-Forwarded-Prefix` header in their`server.ts` before the Angular engine processes the request:\n\n```ts\napp.use((req, res, next) =\u003e {\n  const prefix = req.headers[\u0027x-forwarded-prefix\u0027]?.trim();\n  if (prefix) {\n    // Sanitize by removing all leading slashes\n    req.headers[\u0027x-forwarded-prefix\u0027] = prefix.replace(/^[/\\\\]+/, \u0027/\u0027);\n  }\n  next();\n});\n\n```\n\n### Resources\n- [Report](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/issues/32501)\n- [Fix](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/pull/32521)",
  "id": "GHSA-xh43-g2fq-wjrj",
  "modified": "2026-02-25T22:41:57Z",
  "published": "2026-02-25T22:41:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/security/advisories/GHSA-xh43-g2fq-wjrj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27738"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/issues/32501"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/pull/32521"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/commit/f086eccc36d10cf01c426e35864bc32e1e292323"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Angular SSR has an Open Redirect via X-Forwarded-Prefix"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.

Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).

Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
  • Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing

An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.

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