CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-VRM9-X4WW-QPGW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:02When subscribing using AcyMailing, the 'redirect' parameter isn't properly sanitized. Turning the request from POST to GET, an attacker can craft a link containing a potentially malicious landing page and send it to the victim.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-24288"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-17T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "When subscribing using AcyMailing, the \u0027redirect\u0027 parameter isn\u0027t properly sanitized. Turning the request from POST to GET, an attacker can craft a link containing a potentially malicious landing page and send it to the victim.",
"id": "GHSA-vrm9-x4ww-qpgw",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:02:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:02:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-24288"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/56628862-1687-4862-9ed4-145d8dfbca97"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-VRW8-FXC6-2R93
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-20 16:37 – Updated: 2025-10-13 15:41Summary
The RedirectSlashes function in middleware/strip.go is vulnerable to host header injection which leads to open redirect.
We consider this a lower-severity open redirect, as it can't be exploited from browsers or email clients (requires manipulation of a Host header).
Details
The RedirectSlashes method uses the Host header to construct the redirectURL at this line https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/master/middleware/strip.go#L55
The Host header can be manipulated by a user to be any arbitrary host. This leads to open redirect when using the RedirectSlashes middleware
PoC
Create a simple server which uses the RedirectSlashes middleware
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware" // Import the middleware package
)
func main() {
// Create a new Chi router
r := chi.NewRouter()
// Use the built-in RedirectSlashes middleware
r.Use(middleware.RedirectSlashes) // Use middleware.RedirectSlashes
// Define a route handler
r.Get("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// A simple response
w.Write([]byte("Hello, World!"))
})
// Start the server
fmt.Println("Starting server on :8080")
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}
Run the server go run main.go
Once the server is running, send a request that will trigger the RedirectSlashes function with an arbitrary Host header
curl -iL -H "Host: example.com" http://localhost:8080/test/
Observe that the request will be redirected to example.com
curl -L -H "Host: example.com" http://localhost:8080/test/
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
... snipped ...
Without the host header, the response is returned from the test server
curl -L http://localhost:8080/test/
404 page not found
Impact
An open redirect vulnerability allows attackers to trick users into visiting malicious sites. This can lead to phishing attacks, credential theft, and malware distribution, as users trust the application’s domain while being redirected to harmful sites.
Potential mitigation
It seems that the purpose of the RedirectSlashes function is to redirect within the same application. In that case r.RequestURI can be used instead of r.Host by default. If there is a use case to redirect to a different host, a flag can be added to use the Host header instead. As this flag will be controlled by the developer they will make the decision of allowing redirects to arbitrary hosts based on their judgement.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.2.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.2.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-20T16:37:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe RedirectSlashes function in middleware/strip.go is vulnerable to host header injection which leads to open redirect.\n\nWe consider this a **lower-severity** open redirect, as it can\u0027t be exploited from browsers or email clients (requires manipulation of a Host header).\n\n### Details\nThe RedirectSlashes method uses the Host header to construct the redirectURL at this line https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/master/middleware/strip.go#L55\n\nThe Host header can be manipulated by a user to be any arbitrary host. This leads to open redirect when using the RedirectSlashes middleware\n\n### PoC\nCreate a simple server which uses the RedirectSlashes middleware\n```\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5\"\n\t\"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware\" // Import the middleware package\n)\n\nfunc main() {\n\t// Create a new Chi router\n\tr := chi.NewRouter()\n\n\t// Use the built-in RedirectSlashes middleware\n\tr.Use(middleware.RedirectSlashes) // Use middleware.RedirectSlashes\n\n\t// Define a route handler\n\tr.Get(\"/\", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t\t// A simple response\n\t\tw.Write([]byte(\"Hello, World!\"))\n\t})\n\n\t// Start the server\n\tfmt.Println(\"Starting server on :8080\")\n\thttp.ListenAndServe(\":8080\", r)\n}\n```\nRun the server `go run main.go`\n\nOnce the server is running, send a request that will trigger the RedirectSlashes function with an arbitrary Host header\n`curl -iL -H \"Host: example.com\" http://localhost:8080/test/`\n\nObserve that the request will be redirected to example.com\n\n```\ncurl -L -H \"Host: example.com\" http://localhost:8080/test/\n\n\u003c!doctype html\u003e\n\u003chtml\u003e\n\u003chead\u003e\n \u003ctitle\u003eExample Domain\u003c/title\u003e\n\n \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\" /\u003e\n \u003cmeta http-equiv=\"Content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" /\u003e\n \u003cmeta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\" /\u003e\n \u003cstyle type=\"text/css\"\u003e\n body {\n background-color: #f0f0f2;\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", \"Open Sans\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\n... snipped ...\n```\nWithout the host header, the response is returned from the test server\n```\ncurl -L http://localhost:8080/test/\n\n404 page not found\n```\n\n### Impact\nAn open redirect vulnerability allows attackers to trick users into visiting malicious sites. This can lead to phishing attacks, credential theft, and malware distribution, as users trust the application\u2019s domain while being redirected to harmful sites.\n\n### Potential mitigation\nIt seems that the purpose of the RedirectSlashes function is to redirect within the same application. In that case r.RequestURI can be used instead of r.Host by default. If there is a use case to redirect to a different host, a flag can be added to use the Host header instead. As this flag will be controlled by the developer they will make the decision of allowing redirects to arbitrary hosts based on their judgement.",
"id": "GHSA-vrw8-fxc6-2r93",
"modified": "2025-10-13T15:41:17Z",
"published": "2025-06-20T16:37:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi/security/advisories/GHSA-vrw8-fxc6-2r93"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi/commit/1be7ad938cc9c5b39a9dea01a5c518848928ab65"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "chi Allows Host Header Injection which Leads to Open Redirect in RedirectSlashes"
}
GHSA-VV4C-G6Q7-P3Q7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-03-25 16:15 – Updated: 2023-03-13 23:56Doorkeeper::OpenidConnect (aka the OpenID Connect extension for Doorkeeper) 1.4.x and 1.5.x before 1.5.4 has an open redirect via the redirect_uri field in an OAuth authorization request (that results in an error response) with the 'openid' scope and a prompt=none value. This allows phishing attacks against the authorization flow.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "doorkeeper-openid_connect"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-9837"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:58:19Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Doorkeeper::OpenidConnect (aka the OpenID Connect extension for Doorkeeper) 1.4.x and 1.5.x before 1.5.4 has an open redirect via the redirect_uri field in an OAuth authorization request (that results in an error response) with the \u0027openid\u0027 scope and a prompt=none value. This allows phishing attacks against the authorization flow.",
"id": "GHSA-vv4c-g6q7-p3q7",
"modified": "2023-03-13T23:56:32Z",
"published": "2019-03-25T16:15:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-9837"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/doorkeeper-gem/doorkeeper-openid_connect/issues/61"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/doorkeeper-gem/doorkeeper-openid_connect/pull/66"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/doorkeeper-gem/doorkeeper-openid_connect"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/doorkeeper-gem/doorkeeper-openid_connect/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Doorkeeper-openid_connect contains Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-VV4R-W5CV-HM7V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-11 09:30 – Updated: 2025-10-11 09:30The CM Registration – Tailored tool for seamless login and invitation-based registrations plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 2.5.6. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect url supplied via the 'redirect_url' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11167"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-11T09:15:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The CM Registration \u2013 Tailored tool for seamless login and invitation-based registrations plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 2.5.6. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect url supplied via the \u0027redirect_url\u0027 parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if they can successfully trick them into performing an action.",
"id": "GHSA-vv4r-w5cv-hm7v",
"modified": "2025-10-11T09:30:23Z",
"published": "2025-10-11T09:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3374121/cm-invitation-codes/trunk/controller/LoginController.php?old=3310298\u0026old_path=cm-invitation-codes%2Ftags%2F2.5.5%2Fcontroller%2FLoginController.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/c10286fe-2fdf-4946-b7bb-a2b16f93abb0?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVC9-R6M4-M5QF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-31 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-03 00:00IBM Security Identity Manager 6.0 and 6.0.2 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 206089
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29864"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-30T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Security Identity Manager 6.0 and 6.0.2 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 206089",
"id": "GHSA-vvc9-r6m4-m5qf",
"modified": "2022-09-03T00:00:17Z",
"published": "2022-08-31T00:00:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29864"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/206089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6616101"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVF8-2H68-9475
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-19 18:30 – Updated: 2024-12-20 17:54Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-w8gr-xwp4-r9f7. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
A misconfiguration flaw was found in Keycloak. This issue can allow an attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary URL if a 'Valid Redirect URI' is set to http://localhost or http://127.0.0.1, enabling sensitive information such as authorization codes to be exposed to the attacker, potentially leading to session hijacking.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-services"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "25.0.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-19T19:48:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-19T16:15:06Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "# Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-w8gr-xwp4-r9f7. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n# Original Description\nA misconfiguration flaw was found in Keycloak. This issue can allow an attacker to redirect users to an arbitrary URL if a \u0027Valid Redirect URI\u0027 is set to http://localhost or http://127.0.0.1, enabling sensitive information such as authorization codes to be exposed to the attacker, potentially leading to session hijacking.",
"id": "GHSA-vvf8-2h68-9475",
"modified": "2024-12-20T17:54:54Z",
"published": "2024-09-19T18:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8883"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/releases/tag/25.0.6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/blob/main/services/src/main/java/org/keycloak/protocol/oidc/utils/RedirectUtils.java"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2312511"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-8883"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:8826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:8824"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:8823"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6890"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6889"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6887"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6886"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6882"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6880"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6879"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:6878"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:10386"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:10385"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: Keycloak Open Redirect vulnerability",
"withdrawn": "2024-12-20T17:54:54Z"
}
GHSA-VVJ2-J66F-H239
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-08 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-14 18:30URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in John Darrel Hide My WP Ghost hide-my-wp allows Phishing.This issue affects Hide My WP Ghost: from n/a through < 7.0.00.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-39484"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-08T09:16:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in John Darrel Hide My WP Ghost hide-my-wp allows Phishing.This issue affects Hide My WP Ghost: from n/a through \u003c 7.0.00.",
"id": "GHSA-vvj2-j66f-h239",
"modified": "2026-04-14T18:30:29Z",
"published": "2026-04-08T09:31:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/hide-my-wp/vulnerability/wordpress-hide-my-wp-ghost-plugin-7-0-00-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VVVV-983W-R7PV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 18:42 – Updated: 2026-05-13 14:19An open redirect vulnerability exists in AuthService.handleCallback due to insufficient validation of the returnPathname value derived from the OAuth state parameter.
The state parameter is round-tripped through the identity provider (IdP) and can be influenced by an attacker. The handleCallback function decodes and returns returnPathname without enforcing restrictions on origin or scheme. As a result, attacker-controlled values (e.g., https://evil.com/, //evil.com, or similar variants) may be returned to the application.
If this value is used directly in a redirect (e.g., via an HTTP Location header, framework redirect helpers, or client-side navigation), it may cause the user to be redirected to an external, attacker-controlled site.
Security Impact This issue may be used to facilitate phishing or user redirection attacks by leveraging the trust of the originating domain. For example, an attacker could craft a link that directs a user through a legitimate authentication flow and then redirects them to an external site.
The severity depends on how returnPathname is used by the application. Exploitation requires:
- The application to use
returnPathnameas a redirect target, and - The absence of downstream validation or allowlisting
This vulnerability does not enable authentication bypass, token disclosure, or direct account compromise on its own, but may increase the effectiveness of social engineering attacks when combined with user interaction.
Vulnerability Type CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (Open Redirect)
Patches Patched in https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/releases/tag/v0.5.1
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@workos/authkit-session"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.5.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42565"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-05T18:42:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T20:25:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability exists in `AuthService.handleCallback` due to insufficient validation of the `returnPathname` value derived from the OAuth `state` parameter.\n\nThe `state` parameter is round-tripped through the identity provider (IdP) and can be influenced by an attacker. The handleCallback function decodes and returns returnPathname without enforcing restrictions on origin or scheme. As a result, attacker-controlled values (e.g., `https://evil.com/`, `//evil.com`, or similar variants) may be returned to the application.\n\nIf this value is used directly in a redirect (e.g., via an HTTP `Location` header, framework redirect helpers, or client-side navigation), it may cause the user to be redirected to an external, attacker-controlled site.\n\n**Security Impact**\nThis issue may be used to facilitate phishing or user redirection attacks by leveraging the trust of the originating domain. For example, an attacker could craft a link that directs a user through a legitimate authentication flow and then redirects them to an external site.\n\nThe severity depends on how `returnPathname` is used by the application. Exploitation requires:\n\n* The application to use `returnPathname` as a redirect target, and\n* The absence of downstream validation or allowlisting\n\nThis vulnerability does not enable authentication bypass, token disclosure, or direct account compromise on its own, but may increase the effectiveness of social engineering attacks when combined with user interaction.\n\n**Vulnerability Type**\nCWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (Open Redirect)\n\n**Patches**\nPatched in https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/releases/tag/v0.5.1",
"id": "GHSA-vvvv-983w-r7pv",
"modified": "2026-05-13T14:19:01Z",
"published": "2026-05-05T18:42:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/security/advisories/GHSA-vvvv-983w-r7pv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42565"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/commit/f56e1d6214a93160759e5677b7a3d772b244db39"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/releases/tag/v0.5.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@workos/authkit-session has an Open Redirect via state-derived redirect target"
}
GHSA-VVXG-35HG-R5HR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:50The simple-301-redirects-addon-bulk-uploader plugin before 1.2.5 for WordPress has no protection against 301 redirect rule injection via a CSV file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15776"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-29T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The simple-301-redirects-addon-bulk-uploader plugin before 1.2.5 for WordPress has no protection against 301 redirect rule injection via a CSV file.",
"id": "GHSA-vvxg-35hg-r5hr",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:50:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15776"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://threatpost.com/wordpress-plugins-exploited-in-ongoing-attack-researchers-warn/147671"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/simple-301-redirects-addon-bulk-uploader/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpvulndb.com/vulnerabilities/9503"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VW4Q-9GCF-XHX2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:59 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:59IBM Emptoris Supplier Lifecycle Management 10.0.x and 10.1.x could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 118836.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-8949"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-09T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Emptoris Supplier Lifecycle Management 10.0.x and 10.1.x could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 118836.",
"id": "GHSA-vw4q-9gcf-xhx2",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:59:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:59:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-8949"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/118836"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22006854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100222"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.