CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-V963-X7V5-M326
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:42 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:42IBM WebSphere Portal 8.5 and 9.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force. ID: 122592
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1156"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-05T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM WebSphere Portal 8.5 and 9.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force. ID: 122592",
"id": "GHSA-v963-x7v5-m326",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:42:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:42:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1156"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22000153"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98340"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038390"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V9F2-7GJF-86F5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-15 21:31Even when an iframe was sandboxed with allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation, if it received a redirect header to an external protocol the browser would process the redirect and prompt the user as appropriate. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 102.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-34474"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-22T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Even when an iframe was sandboxed with \u003ccode\u003eallow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\u003c/code\u003e, if it received a redirect header to an external protocol the browser would process the redirect and prompt the user as appropriate. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 102.",
"id": "GHSA-v9f2-7gjf-86f5",
"modified": "2025-04-15T21:31:26Z",
"published": "2022-12-22T21:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-34474"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1677138"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-24"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VC3Q-CWXM-8W5X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:56 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:56Open redirect vulnerability in ApeosWare Management Suite Ver.1.4.0.18 and earlier, and ApeosWare Management Suite 2 Ver.2.1.2.4 and earlier allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-6004"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-12T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in ApeosWare Management Suite Ver.1.4.0.18 and earlier, and ApeosWare Management Suite 2 Ver.2.1.2.4 and earlier allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-vc3q-cwxm-8w5x",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:56:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:56:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN07679150/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://onlinesupport.fujixerox.com/processDriverForm.do?ctry_code=SG\u0026lang_code=en\u0026d_lang=en\u0026corp_pid=AWMS2\u0026rts=null\u0026model=ApeosWare+Management+Suite+2\u0026type_id=7\u0026oslist=Windows+10+64bit\u0026lang_list=en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VFC8-GVW2-FJV6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:28 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:28Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 SP3, Exchange Server 2013 SP3, Exchange Server 2013 CU16, and Exchange Server 2016 CU5 allows an open redirect vulnerability that could lead to spoofing, aka "Microsoft Exchange Open Redirect Vulnerability".
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8621"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-07-11T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 SP3, Exchange Server 2013 SP3, Exchange Server 2013 CU16, and Exchange Server 2016 CU5 allows an open redirect vulnerability that could lead to spoofing, aka \"Microsoft Exchange Open Redirect Vulnerability\".",
"id": "GHSA-vfc8-gvw2-fjv6",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:28:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:28:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8621"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-us/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-8621"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99533"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038852"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VFM5-CR22-JG3M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-16 18:31 – Updated: 2025-12-16 23:12An open redirect vulnerability exists in the Account module in Volosoft ABP Framework >= 5.1.0 and < 10.0.0-rc.2. Improper validation of the returnUrl parameter in the register function allows an attacker to redirect users to arbitrary external domains.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Volo.Abp.Account.Web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.0.0-rc.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-65581"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-16T23:12:33Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-16T18:16:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability exists in the Account module in Volosoft ABP Framework \u003e= 5.1.0 and \u003c 10.0.0-rc.2. Improper validation of the returnUrl parameter in the register function allows an attacker to redirect users to arbitrary external domains.",
"id": "GHSA-vfm5-cr22-jg3m",
"modified": "2025-12-16T23:12:33Z",
"published": "2025-12-16T18:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65581"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/abpframework/abp/commit/44a2dc14e933f3ce1ca93f9313d836694ab77d1d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/abpframework/abp/commit/a01adc58464d278ca817c4bbb6cbce30f155d0d1"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/abpframework/abp"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "ABP Account Module has an Open Redirect through Improper validation in its register function"
}
GHSA-VFQW-XWH7-W232
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:48 – Updated: 2025-04-09 04:15Opera before 10.01 on Windows does not prevent use of Web fonts in rendering the product's own user interface, which allows remote attackers to spoof the address field via a crafted web site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2009-3832"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-10-30T20:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Opera before 10.01 on Windows does not prevent use of Web fonts in rendering the product\u0027s own user interface, which allows remote attackers to spoof the address field via a crafted web site.",
"id": "GHSA-vfqw-xwh7-w232",
"modified": "2025-04-09T04:15:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T03:48:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-3832"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/54022"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A6384"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/37182"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.opera.com/docs/changelogs/windows/1001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.opera.com/support/kb/view/940"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/59359"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/36850"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/3073"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-VFX2-HV2G-XJ5F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-19 21:22 – Updated: 2026-05-06 20:32An Open Redirect vulnerability exists in @angular/ssr due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-27738. While the original fix successfully blocked multiple leading slashes (e.g., ///), the internal validation logic fails to account for a single backslash (\) bypass.
When an Angular SSR application is deployed behind a proxy that passes the X-Forwarded-Prefix header:
- An attacker provides a value starting with a single backslash (e.g.,
\evil.com). - The internal validation failed to flag the single backslash as invalid.
- The application prepends a leading forward slash, resulting in a
Locationheader containing/\evil.com. - Modern browsers interpret the
/\sequence as//, treating it as a protocol-relative URL and redirecting the user to the attacker-controlled domain.
Furthermore, the response lacks the Vary: X-Forwarded-Prefix header, allowing the malicious redirect to be stored in intermediate caches (Web Cache Poisoning).
Impact
This vulnerability allows attackers to conduct large-scale phishing and SEO hijacking:
- Scale: A single request can poison a high-traffic route, impacting all users until the cache expires.
- SEO Poisoning: Search engine crawlers may follow and index these malicious redirects, causing the legitimate site to be delisted or associated with malicious domains.
- Trust: Because the initial URL belongs to the trusted domain, users and security tools are less likely to flag the redirect as malicious.
Patches
- 22.0.0-next.2
- 21.2.3
- 20.3.21
Workarounds
Until the patch is applied, developers should sanitize the X-Forwarded-Prefix header in their server.ts before the Angular engine processes the request:
app.use((req, res, next) => {
const prefix = req.headers['x-forwarded-prefix'];
if (typeof prefix === 'string') {
// Sanitize by removing all leading forward and backward slashes
req.headers['x-forwarded-prefix'] = prefix.trim().replace(/^[/\\]+/, '/');
}
next();
});
References
- Fix: https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/pull/32771
- Original CVE: CVE-2026-27738
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@angular/ssr"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "22.0.0-next.0"
},
{
"fixed": "22.0.0-next.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@angular/ssr"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "21.0.0-next.0"
},
{
"fixed": "21.2.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@angular/ssr"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "20.0.0-next.0"
},
{
"fixed": "20.3.21"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33397"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-19T21:22:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-26T15:16:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability exists in `@angular/ssr` due to an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-27738. While the original fix successfully blocked multiple leading slashes (e.g., `///`), the internal validation logic fails to account for a single backslash (`\\`) bypass.\n\nWhen an Angular SSR application is deployed behind a proxy that passes the `X-Forwarded-Prefix` header:\n\n- An attacker provides a value starting with a single backslash (e.g., `\\evil.com`).\n- The internal validation failed to flag the single backslash as invalid.\n- The application prepends a leading forward slash, resulting in a `Location` header containing `/\\evil.com`.\n- Modern browsers interpret the `/\\` sequence as `//`, treating it as a protocol-relative URL and redirecting the user to the attacker-controlled domain.\n\nFurthermore, the response lacks the `Vary: X-Forwarded-Prefix` header, allowing the malicious redirect to be stored in intermediate caches (Web Cache Poisoning).\n\n### Impact\nThis vulnerability allows attackers to conduct large-scale phishing and SEO hijacking:\n\n- **Scale**: A single request can poison a high-traffic route, impacting all users until the cache expires.\n- **SEO Poisoning**: Search engine crawlers may follow and index these malicious redirects, causing the legitimate site to be delisted or associated with malicious domains.\n- **Trust**: Because the initial URL belongs to the trusted domain, users and security tools are less likely to flag the redirect as malicious.\n\n### Patches\n\n- 22.0.0-next.2\n- 21.2.3\n- 20.3.21\n\n### Workarounds\nUntil the patch is applied, developers should sanitize the `X-Forwarded-Prefix` header in their `server.ts` before the Angular engine processes the request:\n\n```ts\napp.use((req, res, next) =\u003e {\n const prefix = req.headers[\u0027x-forwarded-prefix\u0027];\n if (typeof prefix === \u0027string\u0027) {\n // Sanitize by removing all leading forward and backward slashes\n req.headers[\u0027x-forwarded-prefix\u0027] = prefix.trim().replace(/^[/\\\\]+/, \u0027/\u0027);\n }\n next();\n});\n```\n\n\n### References\n\n- Fix: https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/pull/32771\n- Original CVE: CVE-2026-27738",
"id": "GHSA-vfx2-hv2g-xj5f",
"modified": "2026-05-06T20:32:54Z",
"published": "2026-03-19T21:22:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/security/advisories/GHSA-vfx2-hv2g-xj5f"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33397"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/pull/32771"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-xh43-g2fq-wjrj"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular-cli"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Protocol-Relative URL Injection via Single Backslash Bypass in Angular SSR"
}
GHSA-VG27-HR3V-3CQV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-16 23:02 – Updated: 2023-02-28 16:49(From https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1753838)
Summary: There was an open redirection vulnerability in the path of:
https://pollbot.services.mozilla.com/ and https://pollbot.stage.mozaws.net/
Description: An attacker can redirect anyone to malicious sites.
Steps To Reproduce: Type in this URL:
https://pollbot.services.mozilla.com/%0a/evil.com/
It redirects to that website
evil.com
evil.com was used as an example but this could be any website. Note, the /%0a/ and trailing / are required.
Supporting Material/References: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Unvalidated_Redirects_and_Forwards_Cheat_Sheet.html
Impact
Attackers can serve malicious websites that steal passwords or download ransomware to their victims machine due to a redirect and there are a heap of other attack vectors.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pollbot"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.4.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0637"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-02-16T23:02:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-16T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "(From https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1753838)\n\nSummary:\nThere was an open redirection vulnerability in the path of:\n\nhttps://pollbot.services.mozilla.com/ and https://pollbot.stage.mozaws.net/\n\nDescription:\nAn attacker can redirect anyone to malicious sites.\n\nSteps To Reproduce:\nType in this URL:\n\nhttps://pollbot.services.mozilla.com/%0a/evil.com/\n\nIt redirects to that website\n\nevil.com\n\nevil.com was used as an example but this could be any website. Note, the /%0a/ and trailing / are required.\n\nSupporting Material/References:\nhttps://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Unvalidated_Redirects_and_Forwards_Cheat_Sheet.html\n\nImpact\n\nAttackers can serve malicious websites that steal passwords or download ransomware to their victims machine due to a redirect and there are a heap of other attack vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-vg27-hr3v-3cqv",
"modified": "2023-02-28T16:49:36Z",
"published": "2022-02-16T23:02:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mozilla/PollBot/security/advisories/GHSA-vg27-hr3v-3cqv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0637"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mozilla/PollBot/pull/360"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mozilla/PollBot/commit/e39d8bec2df582ba525bb2e2f33c3ebc584d7ff8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1753838"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2022-0637"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mozilla/PollBot"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "open redirect in pollbot"
}
GHSA-VG8C-R8X6-PFP8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-17 18:30 – Updated: 2023-04-18 03:30A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in Freshdesk Plugin 1.7 on WordPress. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality. The manipulation leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 1.8 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 2aaecd4e0c7c6c1dc4e6a593163d5f7aa0fa5d5b. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-226118 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-10102"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-17T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in Freshdesk Plugin 1.7 on WordPress. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality. The manipulation leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 1.8 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 2aaecd4e0c7c6c1dc4e6a593163d5f7aa0fa5d5b. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-226118 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-vg8c-r8x6-pfp8",
"modified": "2023-04-18T03:30:42Z",
"published": "2023-04-17T18:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-10102"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wp-plugins/freshdesk-support/commit/2aaecd4e0c7c6c1dc4e6a593163d5f7aa0fa5d5b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.226118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.226118"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-VGM7-RCGW-QC8P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:04 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:04Open redirect vulnerability in the Console in Puppet Enterprise 2015.x and 2016.x before 2016.4.0 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a // (slash slash) followed by a domain in the redirect parameter. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-6501.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-5715"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-01-12T23:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the Console in Puppet Enterprise 2015.x and 2016.x before 2016.4.0 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a // (slash slash) followed by a domain in the redirect parameter. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-6501.",
"id": "GHSA-vgm7-rcgw-qc8p",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:04:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:04:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-5715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://puppet.com/security/cve/cve-2016-5715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://hyp3rlinx.altervista.org/advisories/PUPPET-AUTHENTICATION-REDIRECT.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/139302/Puppet-Enterprise-Web-Interface-Open-Redirect.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/539618/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93846"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.