CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2575 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MW68-3Q2W-CQX9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2022-12-09 18:30IBM Content Navigator 2.0.3 and 3.0CD could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 157654.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-4092"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-25T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Content Navigator 2.0.3 and 3.0CD could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 157654.",
"id": "GHSA-mw68-3q2w-cqx9",
"modified": "2022-12-09T18:30:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:44:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-4092"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/157654"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10874754"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MWHV-WR6G-VR99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:40 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:40Open redirect vulnerability in the web portal in IBM Tealeaf Customer Experience before 8.7.1.8847 FP10, 8.8 before 8.8.0.9049 FP9, 9.0.0 and 9.0.1 before 9.0.1.1117 FP5, 9.0.1A before 9.0.1.5108_9.0.1A FP5, 9.0.2 before 9.0.2.1223 FP3, and 9.0.2A before 9.0.2.5224_9.0.2A FP3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-5977"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-09-26T04:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the web portal in IBM Tealeaf Customer Experience before 8.7.1.8847 FP10, 8.8 before 8.8.0.9049 FP9, 9.0.0 and 9.0.1 before 9.0.1.1117 FP5, 9.0.1A before 9.0.1.5108_9.0.1A FP5, 9.0.2 before 9.0.2.1223 FP3, and 9.0.2A before 9.0.2.5224_9.0.2A FP3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-mwhv-wr6g-vr99",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:40:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:40:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-5977"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21990216"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93139"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MWMH-7PX9-4C23
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-29 22:20 – Updated: 2025-11-05 22:13Impact
A potential vulnerability exists in ZITADEL's password reset mechanism. ZITADEL utilizes the Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host header from incoming requests to construct the URL for the password reset confirmation link. This link, containing a secret code, is then emailed to the user.
If an attacker can manipulate these headers (e.g., via host header injection), they could cause ZITADEL to generate a password reset link pointing to a malicious domain controlled by the attacker. If the user clicks this manipulated link in the email, the secret reset code embedded in the URL can be captured by the attacker. This captured code could then be used to reset the user's password and gain unauthorized access to their account.
It's important to note that this specific attack vector is mitigated for accounts that have Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) or Passwordless authentication enabled.
Affected Versions
Systems running one of the following versions:
- 4.x: 4.0.0 to 4.5.0 (including RC versions)
- 3.x: 3.0.0 to 3.4.2 (including RC versions)
- 2.x: v2.0.0 to 2.71.17
Patches
Patched version ensure proper validation of the headers:
4.x: Upgrade to >=4.6.0 3.x: Update to >=3.4.3 2.x: Update to >=2.71.18
Workarounds
The recommended solution is to update ZITADEL to a patched version.
A ZITADEL fronting proxy can be configured to delete all Forwarded and X-Forwarded-Host header values before sending requests to ZITADEL self-hosted environments.
Questions
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please email us at security@zitadel.com
Credits
Thanks to Amit Laish – GE Vernova for finding and reporting the vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.71.18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.80.0-v2.20.0.20251029090537-72a5c33e6ac3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64101"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-640"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-29T22:20:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-29T19:15:38Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nA potential vulnerability exists in ZITADEL\u0027s password reset mechanism. ZITADEL utilizes the Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host header from incoming requests to construct the URL for the password reset confirmation link. This link, containing a secret code, is then emailed to the user.\n\nIf an attacker can manipulate these headers (e.g., via host header injection), they could cause ZITADEL to generate a password reset link pointing to a malicious domain controlled by the attacker. If the user clicks this manipulated link in the email, the secret reset code embedded in the URL can be captured by the attacker. This captured code could then be used to reset the user\u0027s password and gain unauthorized access to their account.\n\nIt\u0027s important to note that this specific attack vector is mitigated for accounts that have Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) or Passwordless authentication enabled.\n\n### Affected Versions\n\nSystems running one of the following versions:\n- **4.x**: `4.0.0` to `4.5.0` (including RC versions)\n- **3.x**: `3.0.0` to `3.4.2` (including RC versions)\n- **2.x**: `v2.0.0` to `2.71.17`\n\n### Patches\n\nPatched version ensure proper validation of the headers:\n\n4.x: Upgrade to \u003e=[4.6.0](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v4.6.0)\n3.x: Update to \u003e=[3.4.3](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v3.4.3)\n2.x: Update to \u003e=[2.71.18](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.71.18)\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe recommended solution is to update ZITADEL to a patched version.\n\nA ZITADEL fronting proxy can be configured to delete all Forwarded and X-Forwarded-Host header values before sending requests to ZITADEL self-hosted environments.\n\n### Questions\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please email us at [security@zitadel.com](mailto:security@zitadel.com)\n\n### Credits\n\nThanks to Amit Laish \u2013 GE Vernova for finding and reporting the vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-mwmh-7px9-4c23",
"modified": "2025-11-05T22:13:14Z",
"published": "2025-10-29T22:20:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/security/advisories/GHSA-mwmh-7px9-4c23"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64101"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/commit/72a5c33e6ac302b978d564bd049f9364f5a989b1"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2025-4084"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "ZITADEL Vulnerable to Account Takeover via Malicious Forwarded Header Injection"
}
GHSA-MX43-R985-5H4M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-20 18:12 – Updated: 2023-10-02 14:32Impact
An open redirect vulnerability that allows users to be targeted for phishing attacks has been found in Sourcegraph instances configured with OAuth, OpenID, or SAML authentication enabled. Users targeted by these phishing attacks could have their authentication tokens silently harvested by an attacker.
Specific Go Packages Affected
github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/cmd/frontend/auth
Resolution
Sourcegraph v3.14.4 and v3.15.1 have been released which resolve the vulnerability. (associated change)
Workarounds
Disabling OAuth, OpenID and/or SAML sign-in options until upgraded to the patched versions will secure Sourcegraph / workaround the issue.
Timeline
- Apr 23, 8 AM PST: GitHub Security Lab reported the issue to Sourcegraph.
- Apr 23, 11 PM PST: A Sourcegraph engineer proposed a resolution for the vulnerability. https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/pull/10167
- Apr 24, 3 AM PST: The proposed resolution was reviewed, approved, and merged.
- Apr 28, 2 PM PST: Patch releases for 3.14.4 and 3.15.1 were published.
- Apr 29, 10 PM PST: Mitre publicly disclosed CVE-2020-12283.
- Apr 30, 11 AM PST: Sourcegraph issued a GitHub security advisory and notified all affected users.
References
- Mitre: CVE-2020-12283
- GitHub Security Lab: GHSL-2020-085
- detectify's blog post on open redirect vulnerabilities
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please contact us at support@sourcegraph.com and include CVE-2020-12283 in the title.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.14.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.15.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.15.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-12283"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-24T21:06:22Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nAn open redirect vulnerability that allows users to be targeted for phishing attacks has been found in Sourcegraph instances configured with OAuth, OpenID, or SAML authentication enabled. Users targeted by these phishing attacks could have their authentication tokens silently harvested by an attacker.\n\n### Specific Go Packages Affected\ngithub.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/cmd/frontend/auth\n\n### Resolution\n\nSourcegraph v3.14.4 and v3.15.1 have been released which resolve the vulnerability. ([associated change](https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/pull/10167))\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDisabling OAuth, OpenID and/or SAML sign-in options until upgraded to the patched versions will secure Sourcegraph / workaround the issue.\n\n### Timeline\n\n- Apr 23, 8 AM PST: GitHub Security Lab reported the issue to Sourcegraph.\n- Apr 23, 11 PM PST: A Sourcegraph engineer proposed a resolution for the vulnerability. https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/pull/10167\n- Apr 24, 3 AM PST: The proposed resolution was reviewed, approved, and merged.\n- Apr 28, 2 PM PST: Patch releases for 3.14.4 and 3.15.1 were published.\n- Apr 29, 10 PM PST: Mitre publicly disclosed [CVE-2020-12283](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-12283).\n- Apr 30, 11 AM PST: Sourcegraph issued a GitHub security advisory and notified all affected users.\n\n### References\n\n- [Mitre: CVE-2020-12283](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-12283)\n- [GitHub Security Lab: GHSL-2020-085](https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2020-085-sourcegraph)\n- [detectify\u0027s blog post on open redirect vulnerabilities\n](https://blog.detectify.com/2019/05/16/the-real-impact-of-an-open-redirect/)\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please contact us at [support@sourcegraph.com](mailto:support@sourcegraph.com) and include `CVE-2020-12283` in the title.",
"id": "GHSA-mx43-r985-5h4m",
"modified": "2023-10-02T14:32:06Z",
"published": "2021-12-20T18:12:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/security/advisories/GHSA-mx43-r985-5h4m"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-12283"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/pull/10167"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/commit/c0f48172e815c7f66471a38f0a06d1fc32a77a64"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sourcegraph/sourcegraph/compare/v3.15.0...v3.15.1"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2020-085-sourcegraph"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect vulnerability in Sourcegraph"
}
GHSA-MX5M-XR46-C5GF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-11 18:30 – Updated: 2026-08-11 18:30A flaw was found in the oauth-server component. This open redirect vulnerability occurs when the 'then' parameter in the grant approval handler is not properly validated. A remote attacker can craft a malicious URL that, when approved or denied by an authenticated user, redirects them to an attacker-controlled website. This could enable phishing attacks, potentially tricking users into revealing sensitive information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-19078"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-11T16:17:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in the oauth-server component. This open redirect vulnerability occurs when the \u0027then\u0027 parameter in the grant approval handler is not properly validated. A remote attacker can craft a malicious URL that, when approved or denied by an authenticated user, redirects them to an attacker-controlled website. This could enable phishing attacks, potentially tricking users into revealing sensitive information.",
"id": "GHSA-mx5m-xr46-c5gf",
"modified": "2026-08-11T18:30:46Z",
"published": "2026-08-11T18:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-19078"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-19078"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2511975"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P29H-X3W2-549G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-19 21:32 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Magazine3 Core Web Vitals & PageSpeed Booster.This issue affects Core Web Vitals & PageSpeed Booster: from n/a through 1.0.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-35883"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-19T21:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Magazine3 Core Web Vitals \u0026 PageSpeed Booster.This issue affects Core Web Vitals \u0026 PageSpeed Booster: from n/a through 1.0.12.",
"id": "GHSA-p29h-x3w2-549g",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:33:26Z",
"published": "2023-12-19T21:32:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-35883"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/core-web-vitals-pagespeed-booster/wordpress-core-web-vitals-pagespeed-booster-plugin-1-0-12-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P2GR-8XQX-RXMG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-15 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-26 00:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Bunkerity Bunker Web on Linux allows Phishing.This issue affects Bunker Web: 1.6.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8066"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-15T16:15:30Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Bunkerity Bunker Web on Linux allows Phishing.This issue affects Bunker Web: 1.6.2.",
"id": "GHSA-p2gr-8xqx-rxmg",
"modified": "2025-08-26T00:31:08Z",
"published": "2025-08-15T18:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8066"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fluidattacks.com/advisories/cypress"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bunkerity/bunkerweb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bunkerity/bunkerweb/releases/tag/v1.6.4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-P34F-6XG6-MCRP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-03 15:30 – Updated: 2024-09-06 18:31If a site had been granted the permission to open popup windows, it could cause Select elements to appear on top of another site to perform a spoofing attack. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 130 and Firefox ESR < 128.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8386"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-03T13:15:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "If a site had been granted the permission to open popup windows, it could cause Select elements to appear on top of another site to perform a spoofing attack. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 130 and Firefox ESR \u003c 128.2.",
"id": "GHSA-p34f-6xg6-mcrp",
"modified": "2024-09-06T18:31:28Z",
"published": "2024-09-03T15:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8386"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1907032"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1909163"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1909529"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-43"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P359-3M6V-H795
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:32 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:32IBM InfoSphere Information Governance Catalog 11.3, 11.5, and 11.7 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 151639.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-1875"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-05T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM InfoSphere Information Governance Catalog 11.3, 11.5, and 11.7 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 151639.",
"id": "GHSA-p359-3m6v-h795",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:32:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:32:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-1875"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/151639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10738911"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P3Q2-74HC-43V3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-01 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-01 18:31IBM Operational Decision Manager 8.11.0.1, 8.11.1.0, 8.12.0.1, 9.0.0.1, and 9.5.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-2824"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-01T18:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Operational Decision Manager 8.11.0.1, 8.11.1.0, 8.12.0.1, 9.0.0.1, and 9.5.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.",
"id": "GHSA-p3q2-74hc-43v3",
"modified": "2025-08-01T18:31:18Z",
"published": "2025-08-01T18:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2824"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7241286"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.