CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-RR7V-PV6M-Q45P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-25 19:00 – Updated: 2022-10-31 19:00Esri ArcGIS Server versions 10.9.1 and below have an unvalidated redirect issue that may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to phish a user into accessing an attacker controlled website via a crafted query parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38197"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-25T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Esri ArcGIS Server versions 10.9.1 and below have an unvalidated redirect issue that may allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to phish a user into accessing an attacker controlled website via a crafted query parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-rr7v-pv6m-q45p",
"modified": "2022-10-31T19:00:36Z",
"published": "2022-10-25T19:00:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38197"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/administration/administration/arcgis-server-security-2022-update-1-patch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RRHW-3394-CJ5F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:50 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:50Open redirect vulnerability in Drupal 6.x before 6.35 and 7.x before 7.35 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the destination parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-2749"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-09-13T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Drupal 6.x before 6.35 and 7.x before 7.35 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the destination parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-rrhw-3394-cj5f",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:50:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:50:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-2749"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1204753"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/SA-CORE-2015-001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://cgit.drupalcode.org/drupal/commit/?id=d2304f840c43c190c6e136ee9901ed9797b4c3ca"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2015/dsa-3200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/03/26/4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/73219"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RRJ2-3PHW-CVJJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:16 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:16There are Open Redirect Vulnerabilities in Citrix XenMobile Server 10.8 before RP2 and 10.7 before RP3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-10651"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-05-23T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There are Open Redirect Vulnerabilities in Citrix XenMobile Server 10.8 before RP2 and 10.7 before RP3.",
"id": "GHSA-rrj2-3phw-cvjj",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:16:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:16:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10651"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX234879"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RRPG-FWX7-JF88
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-10 18:30 – Updated: 2025-04-08 18:34URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in WP OAuth Server OAuth Server.This issue affects OAuth Server: from n/a through 4.3.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-31253"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-10T16:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in WP OAuth Server OAuth Server.This issue affects OAuth Server: from n/a through 4.3.3.",
"id": "GHSA-rrpg-fwx7-jf88",
"modified": "2025-04-08T18:34:11Z",
"published": "2024-04-10T18:30:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-31253"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/oauth2-provider/wordpress-wp-oauth-server-oauth-authentication-plugin-4-3-3-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RRQV-682X-J9M7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-14 21:30 – Updated: 2023-09-14 21:30A vulnerability was found in phpipam 1.5.1. It has been rated as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component Header Handler. The manipulation of the argument X-Forwarded-Host leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-239732.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-4965"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-14T20:15:12Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in phpipam 1.5.1. It has been rated as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component Header Handler. The manipulation of the argument X-Forwarded-Host leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-239732.",
"id": "GHSA-rrqv-682x-j9m7",
"modified": "2023-09-14T21:30:26Z",
"published": "2023-09-14T21:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4965"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ctflearner/Vulnerability/blob/main/PHPIPAM/Open_Redirect.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.239732"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.239732"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RV4M-C3C2-PFC7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:44 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:44Open redirect vulnerability in IBM Emptoris Sourcing 10.0.0.x before 10.0.0.1_iFix3, 10.0.1.x before 10.0.1.3_iFix3, 10.0.2.x before 10.0.2.8_iFix1, 10.0.4.0 before 10.0.4.0_iFix8, and 10.1.0.0 before 10.1.0.0_iFix3 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors. IBM X-Force ID: 111692.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-0329"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-02-02T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in IBM Emptoris Sourcing 10.0.0.x before 10.0.0.1_iFix3, 10.0.1.x before 10.0.1.3_iFix3, 10.0.2.x before 10.0.2.8_iFix1, 10.0.4.0 before 10.0.4.0_iFix8, and 10.1.0.0 before 10.1.0.0_iFix3 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors. IBM X-Force ID: 111692.",
"id": "GHSA-rv4m-c3c2-pfc7",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:44:29Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:44:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-0329"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/111692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21982629"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RV62-4PMJ-XW6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-04-02 15:46 – Updated: 2023-09-05 12:34An Open Redirect vulnerability for all browsers in Jupyter Notebook before 5.7.8 and some browsers (Chrome, Firefox) in JupyterHub before 0.9.6 allows crafted links to the login page, which will redirect to a malicious site after successful login. Servers running on a base_url prefix are not affected.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "notebook"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.7.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "jupyterhub"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10255"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:55:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability for all browsers in Jupyter Notebook before 5.7.8 and some browsers (Chrome, Firefox) in JupyterHub before 0.9.6 allows crafted links to the login page, which will redirect to a malicious site after successful login. Servers running on a base_url prefix are not affected.",
"id": "GHSA-rv62-4pmj-xw6h",
"modified": "2023-09-05T12:34:54Z",
"published": "2019-04-02T15:46:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10255"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/commit/08c4c898182edbe97aadef1815cce50448f975cb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/commit/70fe9f0ddb3023162ece21fbb77d5564306b913b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/commit/d65328d4841892b412aef9015165db1eb029a8ed"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.jupyter.org/open-redirect-vulnerability-in-jupyter-jupyterhub-adf43583f1e4"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-rv62-4pmj-xw6h"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/compare/05aa4b2...16cf97c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/UP5RLEES2JBBNSNLBR65XM6PCD4EMF7D"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/VMDPJBVXOVO6LYGAT46VZNHH6JKSCURO"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect vulnerability in jupyterhub and notebook"
}
GHSA-RV95-896H-C2VC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-25 19:40 – Updated: 2025-12-20 00:09Impact
Versions of Express.js prior to 4.19.2 and pre-release alpha and beta versions before 5.0.0-beta.3 are affected by an open redirect vulnerability using malformed URLs.
When a user of Express performs a redirect using a user-provided URL Express performs an encode using encodeurl on the contents before passing it to the location header. This can cause malformed URLs to be evaluated in unexpected ways by common redirect allow list implementations in Express applications, leading to an Open Redirect via bypass of a properly implemented allow list.
The main method impacted is res.location() but this is also called from within res.redirect().
Patches
https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0867302ddbde0e9463d0564fea5861feb708c2dd https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0b746953c4bd8e377123527db11f9cd866e39f94
An initial fix went out with express@4.19.0, we then patched a feature regression in 4.19.1 and added improved handling for the bypass in 4.19.2.
Workarounds
The fix for this involves pre-parsing the url string with either require('node:url').parse or new URL. These are steps you can take on your own before passing the user input string to res.location or res.redirect.
Resources
https://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/5539 https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1800 https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#res.location
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "express"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.19.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "express"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-alpha.1"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.0-beta.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-29041"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1286",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-03-25T19:40:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-25T21:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nVersions of Express.js prior to 4.19.2 and pre-release alpha and beta versions before 5.0.0-beta.3 are affected by an open redirect vulnerability using malformed URLs.\n\nWhen a user of Express performs a redirect using a user-provided URL Express performs an encode [using `encodeurl`](https://github.com/pillarjs/encodeurl) on the contents before passing it to the `location` header. This can cause malformed URLs to be evaluated in unexpected ways by common redirect allow list implementations in Express applications, leading to an Open Redirect via bypass of a properly implemented allow list.\n\nThe main method impacted is `res.location()` but this is also called from within `res.redirect()`.\n\n### Patches\n\nhttps://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0867302ddbde0e9463d0564fea5861feb708c2dd\nhttps://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0b746953c4bd8e377123527db11f9cd866e39f94\n\nAn initial fix went out with `express@4.19.0`, we then patched a feature regression in `4.19.1` and added improved handling for the bypass in `4.19.2`.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe fix for this involves pre-parsing the url string with either `require(\u0027node:url\u0027).parse` or `new URL`. These are steps you can take on your own before passing the user input string to `res.location` or `res.redirect`.\n\n### Resources\n\nhttps://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/5539\nhttps://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1800\nhttps://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#res.location",
"id": "GHSA-rv95-896h-c2vc",
"modified": "2025-12-20T00:09:30Z",
"published": "2024-03-25T19:40:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/security/advisories/GHSA-rv95-896h-c2vc"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-29041"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1800"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/5539"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0867302ddbde0e9463d0564fea5861feb708c2dd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/commit/0b746953c4bd8e377123527db11f9cd866e39f94"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#res.location"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Express.js Open Redirect in malformed URLs"
}
GHSA-RVJG-GXWX-J5GF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-28 17:13 – Updated: 2022-04-28 17:13A flaw was found in keycloak. The OIDC logout endpoint does not have CSRF protection. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-oidc-client-adapter-pom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "18.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10734"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-04-28T17:13:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-11T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in keycloak. The OIDC logout endpoint does not have CSRF protection. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to system availability.",
"id": "GHSA-rvjg-gxwx-j5gf",
"modified": "2022-04-28T17:13:58Z",
"published": "2022-04-28T17:13:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/security/advisories/GHSA-rvjg-gxwx-j5gf"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10734"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1831662"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.redhat.com/browse/KEYCLOAK-13653"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OIDC Logout redirect in keycloak"
}
GHSA-RVP5-9P55-F5RP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 16:00 – Updated: 2026-06-05 16:00Summary
The client-side hashRedirect plugin called window.location.replace() on a path extracted from the URL hash fragment after only checking hashPath.startsWith('/'). Protocol-relative URLs (//attacker.com/…) also satisfy that check, so a crafted link such as https://nocodb.example/#//attacker.com/phishing silently redirected visitors to an attacker-controlled origin.
Details
In packages/nc-gui/plugins/hashRedirect.client.ts, the plugin extracted the hash content and normalised it into cleanUrl:
let cleanUrl = hashPath.startsWith('/') ? hashPath : `/${hashPath}`
if (hashQuery) cleanUrl += `?${hashQuery}`
window.location.replace(cleanUrl)
startsWith('/') returns true for //attacker.com/..., which browsers interpret as a protocol-relative absolute URL. No hostname check was performed before the redirect. The fix adds an early if (/^\/[/\\]/.test(hashPath)) return to reject protocol-relative paths.
Impact
- Open redirect from any NocoDB origin to an attacker-controlled domain.
- No authentication required; the attack lands the victim on an attacker-controlled page that may impersonate a NocoDB login.
Credit
This issue was reported by @fg0x0.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "nocodb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.04.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47377"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-05T16:00:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe client-side `hashRedirect` plugin called `window.location.replace()` on a path extracted from the URL hash fragment after only checking `hashPath.startsWith(\u0027/\u0027)`. Protocol-relative URLs (`//attacker.com/\u2026`) also satisfy that check, so a crafted link such as `https://nocodb.example/#//attacker.com/phishing` silently redirected visitors to an attacker-controlled origin.\n\n### Details\n\nIn `packages/nc-gui/plugins/hashRedirect.client.ts`, the plugin extracted the hash content and normalised it into `cleanUrl`:\n\n```ts\nlet cleanUrl = hashPath.startsWith(\u0027/\u0027) ? hashPath : `/${hashPath}`\nif (hashQuery) cleanUrl += `?${hashQuery}`\nwindow.location.replace(cleanUrl)\n```\n\n`startsWith(\u0027/\u0027)` returns true for `//attacker.com/...`, which browsers interpret as a protocol-relative absolute URL. No hostname check was performed before the redirect. The fix adds an early `if (/^\\/[/\\\\]/.test(hashPath)) return` to reject protocol-relative paths.\n\n### Impact\n\n- Open redirect from any NocoDB origin to an attacker-controlled domain.\n- No authentication required; the attack lands the victim on an attacker-controlled page that may impersonate a NocoDB login.\n\n### Credit\n\nThis issue was reported by [@fg0x0](https://github.com/fg0x0).",
"id": "GHSA-rvp5-9p55-f5rp",
"modified": "2026-06-05T16:00:15Z",
"published": "2026-06-05T16:00:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nocodb/nocodb/security/advisories/GHSA-rvp5-9p55-f5rp"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/nocodb/nocodb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nocodb/nocodb/releases/tag/2026.04.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "NocoDB: Open Redirect via Hash Fragment in hashRedirect Plugin"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.