CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MQQF-5WVP-8FH8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-14 21:18 – Updated: 2026-06-18 13:02Summary
The RedirectSlashes function in middleware/strip.go does not perform correct input validation and can lead to an open redirect vulnerability.
Details
The RedirectSlashes function performs a Trim to all forward slash (/) characters, while prepending a single one at the begining of the path (Line 52).
However, it does not trim backslashes (\).
File: middleware/strip.go
41: func RedirectSlashes(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
...
51: // Trim all leading and trailing slashes (e.g., "//evil.com", "/some/path//")
52: path = "/" + strings.Trim(path, "/")
...
62: }
Also, from version 5.2.2 onwards the RedirectSlashes function does not take into consideration the Host Header in the redirect response returned. This was done in order to combat another [vulnerability](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/security/advisories/GHSA-vrw8-fxc6-2r93).
The above make it possible for a response in the following form:
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Location: /\evil.com
The /\evil.com will be transformed by most browsers (Chrome, Firefox, etc. not Safari) into //evil.com which is a protocol relative URL and will result in a redirect to evil.com, essentially making it an open redirect vulnerability.
PoC
A minimal working example can be seen below.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware"
)
func main() {
r := chi.NewRouter()
r.Use(middleware.RedirectSlashes)
r.Get("/*", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
})
fmt.Println("Server starting on port 8081...")
if err := http.ListenAndServe(":8081", r); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error starting server: %v\n", err)
}
}
And when we request the path /\evil.com (needs a second backslash or URL encoding in the terminal), the HTTP Redirect Location is just /\evil.com without any domain/Host information.
$ curl -I localhost:8081/\\evil.com/
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Location: /\evil.com
$ curl -I localhost:8081/%5Cevil.com/
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Location: /\evil.com
This opened in a browser (Chrome, Firefox) will result in a transformation to //evil.com which in turn will result in a redirect to evil.com.
Impact
This essentially consists of an open redirect vulnerability, provided that victim users use the most popular browsers (Chrome, Firefox, etc. It does not work in e.g. Safari).
The attacker can construct a malicious URL on a domain of a legitimate website and send it to the victim user. The victim users thinking that they will click on a legitimate website's URL, they will unknowingly be reidrected to an attacker controlled website.
This can lead to credential theft if the victim gets redirected to a phishing website, to malware that is hosted on the attacker controlled website etc. Also, it has a greate reputation / business impact for the affected legitimate website.
In order to exploit this vulnerability the attacker does not need to be authenticated or have ay other priviledge / knowledge regarding the affected application.
CVSS Score: 4.7 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.2.2"
},
{
"fixed": "5.2.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-69725"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-14T21:18:06Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe `RedirectSlashes` function in middleware/strip.go does not perform correct input validation and can lead to an open redirect vulnerability.\n\n### Details\n\nThe `RedirectSlashes` function performs a `Trim` to all forward slash (`/`) characters, while prepending a single one at the begining of the path (Line 52).\n\nHowever, it does not trim backslashes (`\\`).\n\n```go\nFile: middleware/strip.go\n41: func RedirectSlashes(next http.Handler) http.Handler {\n...\n51: \t\t\t// Trim all leading and trailing slashes (e.g., \"//evil.com\", \"/some/path//\")\n52: \t\t\tpath = \"/\" + strings.Trim(path, \"/\")\n...\n62: }\n```\n\nAlso, from version 5.2.2 onwards the `RedirectSlashes` function does not take into consideration the `Host` Header in the redirect response returned. This was done in order to combat another [[vulnerability](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/security/advisories/GHSA-vrw8-fxc6-2r93)](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/security/advisories/GHSA-vrw8-fxc6-2r93).\n\nThe above make it possible for a response in the following form:\n\n```\nHTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\nLocation: /\\evil.com\n```\n\nThe `/\\evil.com` will be transformed by most browsers (Chrome, Firefox, etc. not Safari) into `//evil.com` which is a protocol relative URL and will result in a redirect to `evil.com`, essentially making it an open redirect vulnerability.\n\n### PoC\n\nA minimal working example can be seen below.\n\n```go\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"net/http\"\n\n\t\"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5\"\n\t\"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5/middleware\"\n)\n\n\n\nfunc main() {\n\tr := chi.NewRouter()\n\n\tr.Use(middleware.RedirectSlashes)\n\n\tr.Get(\"/*\", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\n\t\tw.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)\n\t})\n\n\tfmt.Println(\"Server starting on port 8081...\")\n\tif err := http.ListenAndServe(\":8081\", r); err != nil {\n\t\tfmt.Printf(\"Error starting server: %v\\n\", err)\n\t}\n}\n\n```\n\nAnd when we request the path `/\\evil.com` (needs a second backslash or URL encoding in the terminal), the HTTP Redirect Location is just `/\\evil.com` without any domain/Host information.\n\n```bash\n$ curl -I localhost:8081/\\\\evil.com/\nHTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\nLocation: /\\evil.com\n```\n\n```bash\n$ curl -I localhost:8081/%5Cevil.com/\nHTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\nLocation: /\\evil.com\n```\n\nThis opened in a browser (Chrome, Firefox) will result in a transformation to `//evil.com` which in turn will result in a redirect to `evil.com`.\n\u003cimg width=\"200\" alt=\"image-20250829115619807\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/44aedad1-64b6-4660-8b26-fad9b4eca036\" /\u003e\n\n\n\u003cimg width=\"200\" alt=\"image-20250829115632067\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/b976d47d-1975-469c-abd3-deb907a68db2\" /\u003e\n\n\n### Impact\n\nThis essentially consists of an open redirect vulnerability, provided that victim users use the most popular browsers (Chrome, Firefox, etc. It does not work in e.g. Safari).\n\nThe attacker can construct a malicious URL on a domain of a legitimate website and send it to the victim user. The victim users thinking that they will click on a legitimate website\u0027s URL, they will unknowingly be reidrected to an attacker controlled website.\n\nThis can lead to credential theft if the victim gets redirected to a phishing website, to malware that is hosted on the attacker controlled website etc. Also, it has a greate reputation / business impact for the affected legitimate website.\n\nIn order to exploit this vulnerability the attacker does not need to be authenticated or have ay other priviledge / knowledge regarding the affected application.\n\nCVSS Score: [4.7 (Medium)](https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3-0#CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N)",
"id": "GHSA-mqqf-5wvp-8fh8",
"modified": "2026-06-18T13:02:20Z",
"published": "2026-01-14T21:18:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi/security/advisories/GHSA-mqqf-5wvp-8fh8"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69725"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi/issues/1037"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi/commit/6eb35881c0e438ffb663ddbad3a61babaa5e5d8a"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-chi/chi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://go-chichi.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "chi has an open redirect vulnerability in the RedirectSlashes middleware"
}
GHSA-MQW9-Q8MG-RWH2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-19 12:31 – Updated: 2026-06-06 09:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Restajet Information Technologies Inc. Online Food Delivery System allows Phishing, Forceful Browsing.This issue affects Online Food Delivery System: through 19122025.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1885"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-19T12:15:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Restajet Information Technologies Inc. Online Food Delivery System allows Phishing, Forceful Browsing.This issue affects Online Food Delivery System: through 19122025.",
"id": "GHSA-mqw9-q8mg-rwh2",
"modified": "2026-06-06T09:31:14Z",
"published": "2025-12-19T12:31:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1885"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimleri/detay/tr-25-0469"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.usom.gov.tr/bildirim/tr-25-0469"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRQX-RP3W-JPJP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-06 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-03 22:49Description
The Request class, does not parse URI with special characters the same way browsers do. As a result, an attacker can trick a validator relying on the Request class to redirect users to another domain.
Resolution
The Request::create methods now assert the URI does not contain invalid characters as defined by https://url.spec.whatwg.org/
The patch for this issue is available here for branch 5.4.
Credits
We would like to thank Sam Mush - IPASSLab && ZGC Lab for reporting the issue and Nicolas Grekas for providing the fix.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/http-foundation"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.4.46"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/http-foundation"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/http-foundation"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.1.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-50345"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-11-06T15:22:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-06T21:15:06Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Description\n\nThe `Request` class, does not parse URI with special characters the same way browsers do. As a result, an attacker can trick a validator relying on the `Request` class to redirect users to another domain.\n\n### Resolution\n\nThe `Request::create` methods now assert the URI does not contain invalid characters as defined by https://url.spec.whatwg.org/\n\nThe patch for this issue is available [here](https://github.com/symfony/symfony/commit/5a9b08e5740af795854b1b639b7d45b9cbfe8819) for branch 5.4.\n\n### Credits\n\nWe would like to thank Sam Mush - IPASSLab \u0026\u0026 ZGC Lab for reporting the issue and Nicolas Grekas for providing the fix.",
"id": "GHSA-mrqx-rp3w-jpjp",
"modified": "2025-11-03T22:49:53Z",
"published": "2024-11-06T15:22:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/symfony/symfony/security/advisories/GHSA-mrqx-rp3w-jpjp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50345"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/symfony/symfony/commit/5a9b08e5740af795854b1b639b7d45b9cbfe8819"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/symfony/http-foundation/CVE-2024-50345.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/symfony/symfony/CVE-2024-50345.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/symfony/symfony"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00051.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://symfony.com/cve-2024-50345"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.spec.whatwg.org"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Symfony vulnerable to open redirect via browser-sanitized URLs"
}
GHSA-MRV8-PQFJ-7GP5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-17 17:31 – Updated: 2024-04-17 18:31An issue was found in the redirect_uri validation logic that allows for a bypass of otherwise explicitly allowed hosts.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-services"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "22.0.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.keycloak:keycloak-services"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "23.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "24.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-2419"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-17T17:31:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-17T14:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was found in the redirect_uri validation logic that allows for a bypass of otherwise explicitly allowed hosts.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-mrv8-pqfj-7gp5",
"modified": "2024-04-17T18:31:32Z",
"published": "2024-04-17T17:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak/security/advisories/GHSA-mrv8-pqfj-7gp5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2419"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:1867"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-2419"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2269371"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/keycloak/keycloak"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Keycloak path traversal vulnerability in the redirect validation"
}
GHSA-MVCM-G7X3-9G76
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in ThimPress LearnPress. This issue affects LearnPress: from n/a through 4.2.7.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24740"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T15:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in ThimPress LearnPress. This issue affects LearnPress: from n/a through 4.2.7.1.",
"id": "GHSA-mvcm-g7x3-9g76",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:30Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T15:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24740"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/learnpress/vulnerability/wordpress-learnpress-plugin-4-2-7-1-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MVQ8-HGXH-4V2G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-16 00:01 – Updated: 2023-10-27 16:23Jenkins GitLab Authentication Plugin 1.13 and earlier records the HTTP Referer header as part of the URL query parameters when the authentication process starts, allowing attackers with access to Jenkins to craft a URL that will redirect users to an attacker-specified URL after logging in.
This issue is caused by an incomplete fix of SECURITY-796.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:gitlab-oauth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25196"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-01T22:38:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-15T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins GitLab Authentication Plugin 1.13 and earlier records the HTTP `Referer` header as part of the URL query parameters when the authentication process starts, allowing attackers with access to Jenkins to craft a URL that will redirect users to an attacker-specified URL after logging in.\n\nThis issue is caused by an incomplete fix of [SECURITY-796](https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-08-07/#SECURITY-796).",
"id": "GHSA-mvq8-hgxh-4v2g",
"modified": "2023-10-27T16:23:49Z",
"published": "2022-02-16T00:01:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25196"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/gitlab-oauth-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-08-07/#SECURITY-796"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2022-02-15/#SECURITY-1833"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/02/15/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect vulnerability in Jenkins GitLab Authentication Plugin"
}
GHSA-MVVF-5V2W-37F8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-16 12:31 – Updated: 2023-07-16 12:31A vulnerability was found in LivelyWorks Articart 2.0.1 and classified as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /change-language/de_DE of the component Base64 Encoding Handler. The manipulation of the argument redirectTo leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. VDB-234230 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-3684"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-16T11:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in LivelyWorks Articart 2.0.1 and classified as problematic. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /change-language/de_DE of the component Base64 Encoding Handler. The manipulation of the argument redirectTo leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. VDB-234230 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-mvvf-5v2w-37f8",
"modified": "2023-07-16T12:31:59Z",
"published": "2023-07-16T12:31:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-3684"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.234230"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.234230"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MVW6-62QV-VMQF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-25 06:30 – Updated: 2025-07-29 19:06Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-jgmv-j7ww-jx2x. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in KoaJS Koa up to 3.0.0. Affected is the function back in the library lib/response.js of the component HTTP Header Handler. The manipulation of the argument Referrer leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "koa"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-28T19:42:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-25T05:15:36Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-jgmv-j7ww-jx2x. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n### Original Description\nA vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in KoaJS Koa up to 3.0.0. Affected is the function back in the library lib/response.js of the component HTTP Header Handler. The manipulation of the argument Referrer leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-mvw6-62qv-vmqf",
"modified": "2025-07-29T19:06:04Z",
"published": "2025-07-25T06:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8129"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1892"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1892#issue-3213028583"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/422c551c63d00f24e2bbbdf492f262a5935bb1f0"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.317514"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.317514"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.619741"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: Koa Open Redirect via Referrer Header (User-Controlled)",
"withdrawn": "2025-07-29T19:06:04Z"
}
GHSA-MW68-3Q2W-CQX9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2022-12-09 18:30IBM Content Navigator 2.0.3 and 3.0CD could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 157654.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-4092"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-25T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Content Navigator 2.0.3 and 3.0CD could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 157654.",
"id": "GHSA-mw68-3q2w-cqx9",
"modified": "2022-12-09T18:30:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:44:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-4092"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/157654"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10874754"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MWHV-WR6G-VR99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:40 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:40Open redirect vulnerability in the web portal in IBM Tealeaf Customer Experience before 8.7.1.8847 FP10, 8.8 before 8.8.0.9049 FP9, 9.0.0 and 9.0.1 before 9.0.1.1117 FP5, 9.0.1A before 9.0.1.5108_9.0.1A FP5, 9.0.2 before 9.0.2.1223 FP3, and 9.0.2A before 9.0.2.5224_9.0.2A FP3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-5977"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-09-26T04:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the web portal in IBM Tealeaf Customer Experience before 8.7.1.8847 FP10, 8.8 before 8.8.0.9049 FP9, 9.0.0 and 9.0.1 before 9.0.1.1117 FP5, 9.0.1A before 9.0.1.5108_9.0.1A FP5, 9.0.2 before 9.0.2.1223 FP3, and 9.0.2A before 9.0.2.5224_9.0.2A FP3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-mwhv-wr6g-vr99",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:40:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:40:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-5977"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21990216"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93139"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.