CWE-522
Allowed-with-ReviewInsufficiently Protected Credentials
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.
1811 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-J5J2-54P5-7P3J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-26 00:32 – Updated: 2025-02-26 00:32A Credential Disclosure vulnerability exists where an administrator could extract the stored SMTP account credentials due to lack of encryption.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-0760"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-26T00:15:10Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A Credential Disclosure vulnerability exists where an administrator could extract the stored SMTP account credentials due to lack of encryption.",
"id": "GHSA-j5j2-54p5-7p3j",
"modified": "2025-02-26T00:32:21Z",
"published": "2025-02-26T00:32:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-0760"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/tns-2025-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J5PC-JW5H-PHHH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:04 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:00The D-Link router DIR-868L 3.01 is vulnerable to credentials disclosure in telnet service through decompilation of firmware, that allows an unauthenticated attacker to gain access to the firmware and to extract sensitive data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-29321"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-04T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The D-Link router DIR-868L 3.01 is vulnerable to credentials disclosure in telnet service through decompilation of firmware, that allows an unauthenticated attacker to gain access to the firmware and to extract sensitive data.",
"id": "GHSA-j5pc-jw5h-phhh",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:00:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:04:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-29321"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cybersecurityworks.com/zerodays/cve-2020-29321-telnet-hardcoded-credentials.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J63H-HMGW-X4J7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-25 20:13 – Updated: 2025-07-28 13:04Description
Opencast prior to versions 17.6 would incorrectly send the hashed global system account credentials (ie: org.opencastproject.security.digest.user and org.opencastproject.security.digest.pass) when attempting to fetch mediapackage elements included in a mediapackage XML file. A previous CVE prevented many cases where the credentials were inappropriately sent, but not all. The remainder are addressed with this patch.
Impact
Anyone with ingest permissions could cause Opencast to send its hashed global system account credentials to a url of their choosing.
Patches
This issue is fixed in Opencast 17.6
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: - Open an issue in our issue tracker - Email us at security@opencast.org
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.opencastproject:opencast-common"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "17.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.opencastproject:opencast-ingest-service-impl"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "17.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.opencastproject:opencast-kernel"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "17.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.opencastproject:opencast-publication-service-oaipmh-remote"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "17.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54380"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-25T20:13:45Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-26T04:16:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Description\nOpencast prior to versions 17.6 would incorrectly send the hashed global system account credentials (ie: `org.opencastproject.security.digest.user` and `org.opencastproject.security.digest.pass`) when attempting to fetch mediapackage elements included in a mediapackage XML file. A [previous CVE](https://github.com/opencast/opencast/security/advisories/GHSA-hcxx-mp6g-6gr9) prevented many cases where the credentials were inappropriately sent, but not all. The remainder are addressed with this patch.\n\n### Impact\nAnyone with ingest permissions could cause Opencast to send its hashed global system account credentials to a url of their choosing.\n\n### Patches\nThis issue is fixed in Opencast 17.6\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n- Open an issue in our [issue tracker](https://github.com/opencast/opencast/issues)\n- Email us at security@opencast.org",
"id": "GHSA-j63h-hmgw-x4j7",
"modified": "2025-07-28T13:04:42Z",
"published": "2025-07-25T20:13:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/opencast/opencast/security/advisories/GHSA-hcxx-mp6g-6gr9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/opencast/opencast/security/advisories/GHSA-j63h-hmgw-x4j7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/opencast/opencast/commit/2d3219113e2b9fadfb06443f5468b1c2157827a6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/opencast/opencast/commit/e8980435342149375802648b9c9e696c9a5f0c9a"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/opencast/opencast"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Opencast still publishes global system account credentials "
}
GHSA-J65R-G7Q2-F8V3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-25 16:57 – Updated: 2023-05-25 16:57Impact
The customer view exposes the hashed password along with other deails. An attacker is then able to enum password of a particular id, likewise we can replace id with other user , for example 1015, password hash can be disclosed which can be further cracked with hashcat
Patches
Update to version 3.3.10 or apply this patch manually https://github.com/pimcore/customer-data-framework/commit/d1d58c10313f080737dc1e71fab3beb12488a1e6.patch
Workarounds
Apply https://github.com/pimcore/customer-data-framework/commit/d1d58c10313f080737dc1e71fab3beb12488a1e6.patch manually.
References
https://huntr.dev/bounties/db6c32f4-742e-4262-8fd5-cefd0f133416/
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "pimcore/customer-management-framework-bundle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2881"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-257",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-05-25T16:57:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-25T09:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe customer view exposes the hashed password along with other deails. An attacker is then able to enum password of a particular id, likewise we can replace id with other user , for example 1015, password hash can be disclosed which can be further cracked with hashcat\n\n### Patches\nUpdate to version 3.3.10 or apply this patch manually https://github.com/pimcore/customer-data-framework/commit/d1d58c10313f080737dc1e71fab3beb12488a1e6.patch\n\n### Workarounds\nApply https://github.com/pimcore/customer-data-framework/commit/d1d58c10313f080737dc1e71fab3beb12488a1e6.patch manually.\n\n### References\nhttps://huntr.dev/bounties/db6c32f4-742e-4262-8fd5-cefd0f133416/\n",
"id": "GHSA-j65r-g7q2-f8v3",
"modified": "2023-05-25T16:57:01Z",
"published": "2023-05-25T16:57:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pimcore/customer-data-framework/security/advisories/GHSA-j65r-g7q2-f8v3"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2881"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pimcore/customer-data-framework/commit/d1d58c10313f080737dc1e71fab3beb12488a1e6"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pimcore/customer-data-framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/db6c32f4-742e-4262-8fd5-cefd0f133416"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Pimcore customers\u0027 list user password hash is disclosed"
}
GHSA-J6C5-5FQQ-9MPV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:04In Unisys Stealth (core) before 6.0.025.0, the Keycloak password is stored in a recoverable format that might be accessible by a local attacker, who could gain access to the Management Server and change the Stealth configuration.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-3141"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-18T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Unisys Stealth (core) before 6.0.025.0, the Keycloak password is stored in a recoverable format that might be accessible by a local attacker, who could gain access to the Management Server and change the Stealth configuration.",
"id": "GHSA-j6c5-5fqq-9mpv",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:04:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:44:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-3141"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://public.support.unisys.com/common/public/vulnerability/NVD_Detail_Rpt.aspx?ID=62"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J6PJ-MCFR-FM64
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:58 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:12An Unprotected Storage of Credentials vulnerability in the identity and access management certificate generation procedure allows a local attacker to gain access to confidential information. This issue affects: Juniper Networks SBR Carrier: 8.4.1 versions prior to 8.4.1R13; 8.5.0 versions prior to 8.5.0R4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-0072"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-256",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-10-09T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Unprotected Storage of Credentials vulnerability in the identity and access management certificate generation procedure allows a local attacker to gain access to confidential information. This issue affects: Juniper Networks SBR Carrier: 8.4.1 versions prior to 8.4.1R13; 8.5.0 versions prior to 8.5.0R4.",
"id": "GHSA-j6pj-mcfr-fm64",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:12:16Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:58:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-0072"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.juniper.net/JSA10971"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J6WP-X7WC-M898
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:49 – Updated: 2022-07-11 00:00AVE DOMINAplus <=1.10.x suffers from clear-text credentials disclosure vulnerability that allows an unauthenticated attacker to issue a request to an unprotected directory that hosts an XML file '/xml/authClients.xml' and obtain administrative login information that allows for a successful authentication bypass attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-21994"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-28T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "AVE DOMINAplus \u003c=1.10.x suffers from clear-text credentials disclosure vulnerability that allows an unauthenticated attacker to issue a request to an unprotected directory that hosts an XML file \u0027/xml/authClients.xml\u0027 and obtain administrative login information that allows for a successful authentication bypass attack.",
"id": "GHSA-j6wp-x7wc-m898",
"modified": "2022-07-11T00:00:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:49:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-21994"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/522.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/47819"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2019-5550.php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J6X4-9C7C-PM84
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-10 00:30 – Updated: 2025-06-10 00:30CyberData 011209 Intercom does not properly store or protect web server admin credentials.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-30183"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-09T23:15:21Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "CyberData\u00a0011209 Intercom\n does not properly store or protect web server admin credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-j6x4-9c7c-pm84",
"modified": "2025-06-10T00:30:30Z",
"published": "2025-06-10T00:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30183"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-155-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-J7GW-MWFG-VQF4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:50 – Updated: 2025-03-12 16:01Jenkins Credentials Binding Plugin Jenkins 1.17 is affected by: CWE-257: Storing Passwords in a Recoverable Format. The impact is: Authenticated users can recover credentials. The component is: config-variables.jelly line #30 (passwordVariable). The attack vector is: Attacker creates and executes a Jenkins job.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:credentials-binding"
},
"versions": [
"1.17"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1010241"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-257",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-12T16:01:08Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-19T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins Credentials Binding Plugin Jenkins 1.17 is affected by: CWE-257: Storing Passwords in a Recoverable Format. The impact is: Authenticated users can recover credentials. The component is: config-variables.jelly line #30 (passwordVariable). The attack vector is: Attacker creates and executes a Jenkins job.",
"id": "GHSA-j7gw-mwfg-vqf4",
"modified": "2025-03-12T16:01:09Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:50:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1010241"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MBEoJSMvkjp5Kua0bRD_kiDBisL0fOCwTL9uMWj4lGA/edit?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/credentials-binding-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200227030005/https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/109320"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins Credentials Binding Plugin Stores Passwords in a Recoverable Format"
}
GHSA-J7MQ-CGJ9-MVR8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-15 21:30 – Updated: 2023-02-24 18:30Media CP Media Control Panel latest version. Insufficiently protected credential change.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-23466"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-15T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Media CP Media Control Panel latest version. Insufficiently protected credential change.",
"id": "GHSA-j7mq-cgj9-mvr8",
"modified": "2023-02-24T18:30:27Z",
"published": "2023-02-15T21:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-23466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/faq/cve_advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-474: Signature Spoofing by Key Theft
An attacker obtains an authoritative or reputable signer's private signature key by theft and then uses this key to forge signatures from the original signer to mislead a victim into performing actions that benefit the attacker.
CAPEC-50: Password Recovery Exploitation
An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing
An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.