Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-367
AllowedTime-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
1211 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-12374 (GCVE-0-2026-12374)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-01 14:07 – Updated: 2026-07-01 15:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper XPC caller certificate validation and TOCTOU race condition in macOS PrivilegedHelperTool
Summary
Improper certificate validation and a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition in the PrivilegedHelperTool XPC service in Cato Client before v.5.13.1 on macOS allows a local authenticated attacker to escalate privileges to root via a self-signed certificate that bypasses the XPC caller verification and a symlink swap during package installation.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-01 15:07 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cato Networks | SDP Client |
Affected:
5.12.0 , < 5.13.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-12234 (GCVE-0-2026-12234)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 04:39 – Updated: 2026-08-12 12:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOCTOU double-fetch in `zsock_sendmsg`/`recvmsg` userspace verifiers allows kernel-heap out-of-bounds write
Summary
The userspace syscall verifiers z_vrfy_zsock_sendmsg() and z_vrfy_zsock_recvmsg() in subsys/net/lib/sockets/sockets.c snapshot the caller-supplied struct net_msghdr into a kernel-side copy with k_usermode_from_copy(), but then re-read the still-live user struct for subsequent decisions. The kernel iovec shadow buffer is sized from one read of msg->msg_iovlen, while the population loop is bounded by a second, live read of the same field.
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The code is reachable from an unprivileged user thread whenever CONFIG_USERSPACE is enabled and the zsock_sendmsg/zsock_recvmsg syscalls are available. A successful race corrupts kernel-managed heap memory across the user-to-kernel privilege boundary, yielding a local privilege-escalation primitive or, at minimum, a kernel-fault denial of service. The fix copies the header once and derives every size, bound, and gate from the snapshot, copying each iovec entry atomically so its base and length can no longer be raced apart.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 12:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - memory-safety
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| zephyrproject | zephyr |
Affected:
2.3.0 , < 4.4.2
(semver)
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CVE-2026-11835 (GCVE-0-2026-11835)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-04 00:03 – Updated: 2026-08-04 21:25 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Caliptra Update-Reset Secure-Boot Bypass via Attacker-Chosen AXI Staging Address (TOCTOU)
Summary
Time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) vulnerability combined with missing input validation in Caliptra Core ROM (UpdateResetFlow::run()) in subsystem mode allows a compromised local attacker to silently bypass secure boot by supplying an AXI staging address that is not validated against the strap-configured SS_EXTERNAL_STAGING_AREA_BASE_ADDR, enabling firmware to be modified between verification and loading into ICCM. Attestation continues to report the originally verified image digest, masking the compromise. Exploitation requires a compromised MCU firmware with AXI manager access to unprotected SRAM reachable by Caliptra.
This issue affects Core ROM: 2.1.0 through 2.1.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-04 19:21 UTC
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-03 00:00
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CVE-2026-9796 (GCVE-0-2026-9796)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-28 04:27 – Updated: 2026-08-19 03:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Keycloak: keycloak: privilege escalation via time-of-check to time-of-use (toctou) vulnerability
Summary
A flaw was found in Keycloak. An authenticated administrator with the `manage-clients` role can exploit a Time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) vulnerability in the name-based admin role checks. This allows the attacker to escalate their privileges to `realm-admin` for all users within the realm, granting them extensive control over the system. The composite role relationship persists even after the attacker's own permissions are revoked and across system reboots.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-28 12:16 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:56523 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:56524 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-9796 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2482464 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.6 |
Unaffected:
26.6.6-1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.6 |
Unaffected:
26.6-12 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.6.6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.6
|
Date Public
2026-05-28 03:32
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CVE-2026-9728 (GCVE-0-2026-9728)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-24 14:28 – Updated: 2026-08-25 19:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOCTOU race in mbox_send syscall verifier allows userspace to leak kernel memory
Summary
The userspace syscall verifier z_vrfy_mbox_send() in drivers/mbox/mbox_handlers.c validated the nested msg->data/msg->size fields by reading them directly out of live userspace memory, and then forwarded the original, still-mutable userspace struct mbox_msg * pointer to z_impl_mbox_send() and the underlying driver. Between the access check and the driver's use of msg->data, the validated pointer could be replaced, leaving a time-of-check/time-of-use window.
On a system built with CONFIG_USERSPACE, any unprivileged userspace thread may invoke the mbox_send() system call. A second thread sharing the caller's address space can race to overwrite msg->data with a supervisor (kernel) address after the verifier's bounds check has passed but before the driver dereferences it. The driver then reads from the attacker-chosen address in supervisor context (for example memcpy(&data32, msg->data, msg->size) in the NXP mailbox driver, whose bytes are subsequently emitted to the peer mailbox endpoint).
The impact is a userspace-to-supervisor access-control bypass: disclosure of kernel memory contents (high confidentiality impact), or, for an invalid/unmapped target address, a faulting kernel read causing denial of service. The fix snapshots the entire struct mbox_msg into a kernel-stack copy with k_usermode_from_copy() and validates and forwards that immutable copy, closing the race.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-25 19:06 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - race
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| zephyrproject | zephyr |
Affected:
3.0.0 , < 4.4.2
(semver)
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CVE-2026-7846 (GCVE-0-2026-7846)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-05 16:00 – Updated: 2026-05-05 16:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
chatchat-space Langchain-Chatchat OpenAI-Compatible File Upload API openai_routes.py files toctou
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in chatchat-space Langchain-Chatchat up to 0.3.1.3. Impacted is the function files of the file libs/chatchat-server/chatchat/server/api_server/openai_routes.py of the component OpenAI-Compatible File Upload API. Such manipulation of the argument file.filename leads to time-of-check time-of-use. Access to the local network is required for this attack to succeed. The attack requires a high level of complexity. The exploitability is considered difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-05 16:11 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/361125 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/361125/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/807795 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/chatchat-space/Langchain-Chatc… | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/3em0/cve_repo/blob/main/Langch… | exploit |
| https://github.com/chatchat-space/Langchain-Chatchat/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| chatchat-space | Langchain-Chatchat |
Affected:
0.3.1.0
Affected: 0.3.1.1 Affected: 0.3.1.2 Affected: 0.3.1.3 |
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CVE-2026-7837 (GCVE-0-2026-7837)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-21 08:14 – Updated: 2026-05-21 12:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TOCTOU with root privilege in ad_flush
Summary
A time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) condition in the ad_flush function in Netatalk 3.0.0 through 4.4.2 involves root-privileged file operations, which may allow a remote attacker to cause limited data modification under specific race conditions.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-21 12:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://netatalk.io/security/CVE-2026-7837 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-05-13 00:00
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CVE-2026-7791 (GCVE-0-2026-7791)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-04 22:07 – Updated: 2026-05-06 03:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Improper privilege management in the log rotation mechanism of the Skylight Workspace Config Service in Amazon WorkSpaces for Windows before 2.6.2034.0 allows a local non-admin authenticated user to place arbitrary files into arbitrary locations bypassing file system permission protections, leading to local privilege escalation to SYSTEM.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-05 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-Check Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://aws.amazon.com/security/security-bulletin… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amazon | Workspaces |
Unaffected:
2.6.2034.0
|
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CVE-2026-7724 (GCVE-0-2026-7724)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-04 02:45 – Updated: 2026-05-05 00:54 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PrefectHQ prefect Webhook/Notification validate_restricted_url toctou
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in PrefectHQ prefect up to 3.6.28.dev1. Affected by this vulnerability is the function validate_restricted_url of the component Webhook/Notification. The manipulation leads to time-of-check time-of-use. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The attack is considered to have high complexity. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 3.6.28.dev2 addresses this issue. The identifier of the patch is 7c70ac54a5e101431d83b9f2681ec88d5e0021ed. Upgrading the affected component is advised. The vendor was contacted early, responded in a very professional manner and quickly released a fixed version of the affected product.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-05 00:54 UTC
Assigner
References
9 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/360900 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/360900/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/807303 | third-party-advisory |
| https://linear.app/prefect/issue/OSS-7874/fix-dns… | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/pull/21591 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://gist.github.com/nedlir/fa99777e8989414585… | exploit |
| https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/commit/7c70a… | patch |
| https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/releases/tag… | patch |
| https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/ | product |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-6733 (GCVE-0-2026-6733)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-17 17:14 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
undici vulnerable to HTTP response queue poisoning via keep-alive socket reuse
Summary
Impact:
Undici's HTTP/1.1 client is vulnerable to response queue poisoning on reused keep-alive sockets. An attacker-controlled upstream server can inject an unsolicited HTTP/1.1 response onto an idle socket after a request completes. When the client dispatches the next request on that socket, it associates the injected response with the new request, causing responses to be delivered to the wrong requests.
This requires an attacker-controlled or compromised upstream HTTP/1.1 server and keep-alive connection reuse.
Patches:
Upgrade to undici v6.26.0, v7.28.0 or v8.5.0.
Workarounds:
Disable keep-alive connection reuse by setting keepAliveTimeout: 0 on the Client or Pool.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-17 18:30 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
Impacted products
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Mitigation
Implementation
The most basic advice for TOCTOU vulnerabilities is to not perform a check before the use. This does not resolve the underlying issue of the execution of a function on a resource whose state and identity cannot be assured, but it does help to limit the false sense of security given by the check.
Mitigation
Implementation
When the file being altered is owned by the current user and group, set the effective gid and uid to that of the current user and group when executing this statement.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Limit the interleaving of operations on files from multiple processes.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
If you cannot perform operations atomically and you must share access to the resource between multiple processes or threads, then try to limit the amount of time (CPU cycles) between the check and use of the resource. This will not fix the problem, but it could make it more difficult for an attack to succeed.
Mitigation
Implementation
Recheck the resource after the use call to verify that the action was taken appropriately.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that some environmental locking mechanism can be used to protect resources effectively.
Mitigation
Implementation
Ensure that locking occurs before the check, as opposed to afterwards, such that the resource, as checked, is the same as it is when in use.
CAPEC-27: Leveraging Race Conditions via Symbolic Links
This attack leverages the use of symbolic links (Symlinks) in order to write to sensitive files. An attacker can create a Symlink link to a target file not otherwise accessible to them. When the privileged program tries to create a temporary file with the same name as the Symlink link, it will actually write to the target file pointed to by the attackers' Symlink link. If the attacker can insert malicious content in the temporary file they will be writing to the sensitive file by using the Symlink. The race occurs because the system checks if the temporary file exists, then creates the file. The attacker would typically create the Symlink during the interval between the check and the creation of the temporary file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.