Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-1333
AllowedInefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.
866 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2022-1929 (GCVE-0-2022-1929)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-06-01 16:47 – Updated: 2024-09-16 23:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Exponential ReDoS in devcert
Summary
An exponential ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) can be triggered in the devcert npm package, when an attacker is able to supply arbitrary input to the certificateFor method
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://research.jfrog.com/vulnerabilities/devcer… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
Date Public
2022-05-29 00:00
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CVE-2021-43843 (GCVE-0-2021-43843)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-12-20 21:15 – Updated: 2024-08-04 04:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Insufficient patch for Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) to jsx-slack v4.5.1
Summary
jsx-slack is a package for building JSON objects for Slack block kit surfaces from JSX. The maintainers found the patch for CVE-2021-43838 in jsx-slack v4.5.1 is insufficient tfor protection from a Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attack. If an attacker can put a lot of JSX elements into `<blockquote>` tag _with including multibyte characters_, an internal regular expression for escaping characters may consume an excessive amount of computing resources. v4.5.1 passes the test against ASCII characters but misses the case of multibyte characters. jsx-slack v4.5.2 has updated regular expressions for escaping blockquote characters to prevent catastrophic backtracking. It is also including an updated test case to confirm rendering multiple tags in `<blockquote>` with multibyte characters.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/yhatt/jsx-slack/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/yhatt/jsx-slack/security/advis… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/yhatt/jsx-slack/commit/46bc883… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/yhatt/jsx-slack/releases/tag/v4.5.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2021-43805 (GCVE-0-2021-43805)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-12-07 17:25 – Updated: 2024-08-04 04:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ReDos vulnerability on guest checkout email validation
Summary
Solidus is a free, open-source ecommerce platform built on Rails. Versions of Solidus prior to 3.1.4, 3.0.4, and 2.11.13 have a denial of service vulnerability that could be exploited during a guest checkout. The regular expression used to validate a guest order's email was subject to exponential backtracking through a fragment like `a.a.` Versions 3.1.4, 3.0.4, and 2.11.13 have been patched to use a different regular expression. The maintainers added a check for email addresses that are no longer valid that will print information about any affected orders that exist. If a prompt upgrade is not an option, a workaround is available. It is possible to edit the file `config/application.rb` manually (with code provided by the maintainers in the GitHub Security Advisory) to check email validity.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/solidusio/solidus/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/solidusio/solidus/commit/98671… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2021-43309 (GCVE-0-2021-43309)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-08-24 15:48 – Updated: 2024-08-04 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ReDoS in uri-template-lite URI.expand function
Summary
An exponential ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) can be triggered in the uri-template-lite npm package, when an attacker is able to supply arbitrary input to the "URI.expand" method
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://research.jfrog.com/vulnerabilities/uri-te… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/litejs/uri-template-lite/compa… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| uri-template-lite | uri-template-lite |
Affected:
0 , < 22.9.0
(custom)
|
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CVE-2021-43308 (GCVE-0-2021-43308)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-06-01 16:47 – Updated: 2024-09-16 17:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Exponential ReDoS in markdown-link-extractor
Summary
An exponential ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) can be triggered in the markdown-link-extractor npm package, when an attacker is able to supply arbitrary input to the module's exported function
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://research.jfrog.com/vulnerabilities/markdo… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| markdown-link-extractor | markdown-link-extractor |
Affected:
unspecified , < 3.0.2
(custom)
|
Date Public
2022-05-29 00:00
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CVE-2021-43307 (GCVE-0-2021-43307)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-06-01 16:47 – Updated: 2024-09-17 00:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Exponential ReDoS in semver-regex
Summary
An exponential ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) can be triggered in the semver-regex npm package, when an attacker is able to supply arbitrary input to the test() method
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://research.jfrog.com/vulnerabilities/semver… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| semver-regex | semver-regex |
Affected:
unspecified , < 3.1.4
(custom)
|
Date Public
2022-05-29 00:00
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CVE-2021-43306 (GCVE-0-2021-43306)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-06-01 16:47 – Updated: 2024-09-16 23:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Exponential ReDoS in jquery-validation
Summary
An exponential ReDoS (Regular Expression Denial of Service) can be triggered in the jquery-validation npm package, when an attacker is able to supply arbitrary input to the url2 method
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://research.jfrog.com/vulnerabilities/jquery… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| jquery-validation | jquery-validation |
Affected:
unspecified , < 1.19.4
(custom)
|
Date Public
2022-05-29 00:00
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CVE-2021-41115 (GCVE-0-2021-41115)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-10-07 22:20 – Updated: 2024-08-04 02:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Regular expression denial-of-service in Zulip
Summary
Zulip is an open source team chat server. In affected versions Zulip allows organization administrators on a server to configure "linkifiers" that automatically create links from messages that users send, detected via arbitrary regular expressions. Malicious organization administrators could subject the server to a denial-of-service via regular expression complexity attacks; most simply, by configuring a quadratic-time regular expression in a linkifier, and sending messages that exploited it. A regular expression attempted to parse the user-provided regexes to verify that they were safe from ReDoS -- this was both insufficient, as well as _itself_ subject to ReDoS if the organization administrator entered a sufficiently complex invalid regex. Affected users should [upgrade to the just-released Zulip 4.7](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/upgrade-or-modify.html#upgrading-to-a-release), or [`main`](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/upgrade-or-modify.html#upgrading-from-a-git-repository).
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/zulip/zulip/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/zulip/zulip/commit/e2d303c1bb5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-20… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2021-32837 (GCVE-0-2021-32837)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-01-17 00:00 – Updated: 2025-12-22 01:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
mechanize vulnerable to ReDoS
Summary
mechanize, a library for automatically interacting with HTTP web servers, contains a regular expression that is vulnerable to regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) prior to version 0.4.6. If a web server responds in a malicious way, then mechanize could crash. Version 0.4.6 has a patch for the issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-10 21:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
6 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-mechanize | mechanize |
Affected:
0.4.6 , < 0.4.6
(custom)
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CVE-2021-4437 (GCVE-0-2021-4437)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-12 19:31 – Updated: 2025-05-06 18:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
dbartholomae lambda-middleware frameguard JSON Mime-Type JsonDeserializer.ts redos
Summary
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in dbartholomae lambda-middleware frameguard up to 1.0.4. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file packages/json-deserializer/src/JsonDeserializer.ts of the component JSON Mime-Type Handler. The manipulation leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. Upgrading to version 1.1.0 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as f689404d830cbc1edd6a1018d3334ff5f44dc6a6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-253406 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-02-21 20:23 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1333 - Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.253406 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.253406 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://github.com/dbartholomae/lambda-middleware… | issue-tracking |
| https://github.com/dbartholomae/lambda-middleware… | patch |
| https://github.com/dbartholomae/lambda-middleware… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| dbartholomae | lambda-middleware frameguard |
Affected:
1.0.0
Affected: 1.0.1 Affected: 1.0.2 Affected: 1.0.3 Affected: 1.0.4 |
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"dateUpdated": "2025-05-06T18:44:55.263Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"modules": [
"JSON Mime-Type Handler"
],
"product": "lambda-middleware frameguard",
"vendor": "dbartholomae",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.0.0"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.0.1"
},
{
"status": "affected",
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{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.0.3"
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{
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.0.4"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "tool",
"value": "VulDB GitHub Commit Analyzer"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in dbartholomae lambda-middleware frameguard up to 1.0.4. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file packages/json-deserializer/src/JsonDeserializer.ts of the component JSON Mime-Type Handler. The manipulation leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. Upgrading to version 1.1.0 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as f689404d830cbc1edd6a1018d3334ff5f44dc6a6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-253406 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability."
},
{
"lang": "de",
"value": "Eine problematische Schwachstelle wurde in dbartholomae lambda-middleware frameguard bis 1.0.4 entdeckt. Es geht hierbei um eine nicht n\u00e4her spezifizierte Funktion der Datei packages/json-deserializer/src/JsonDeserializer.ts der Komponente JSON Mime-Type Handler. Durch Beeinflussen mit unbekannten Daten kann eine inefficient regular expression complexity-Schwachstelle ausgenutzt werden. Ein Aktualisieren auf die Version 1.1.0 vermag dieses Problem zu l\u00f6sen. Der Patch wird als f689404d830cbc1edd6a1018d3334ff5f44dc6a6 bezeichnet. Als bestm\u00f6gliche Massnahme wird das Einspielen eines Upgrades empfohlen."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 3.5,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 3.5,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 2.7,
"vectorString": "AV:A/AC:L/Au:S/C:N/I:N/A:P",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-1333",
"description": "CWE-1333 Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-02-12T19:31:05.361Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
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"references": [
{
"tags": [
"vdb-entry"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.253406"
},
{
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
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"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.253406"
},
{
"tags": [
"issue-tracking"
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"url": "https://github.com/dbartholomae/lambda-middleware/pull/57"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
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"url": "https://github.com/dbartholomae/lambda-middleware/commit/f689404d830cbc1edd6a1018d3334ff5f44dc6a6"
},
{
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/dbartholomae/lambda-middleware/releases/tag/%40lambda-middleware%2Fframeguard_v1.1.0"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2021-07-25T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2021-08-31T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Countermeasure disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2024-02-11T01:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2024-02-11T09:46:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "dbartholomae lambda-middleware frameguard JSON Mime-Type JsonDeserializer.ts redos"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
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"cveId": "CVE-2021-4437",
"datePublished": "2024-02-12T19:31:05.361Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-02-11T08:39:30.241Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-05-06T18:44:55.263Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use regular expressions that do not support backtracking, e.g. by removing nested quantifiers.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Set backtracking limits in the configuration of the regular expression implementation, such as PHP's pcre.backtrack_limit. Also consider limits on execution time for the process.
Mitigation
Implementation
Do not use regular expressions with untrusted input. If regular expressions must be used, avoid using backtracking in the expression.
Mitigation
Implementation
Limit the length of the input that the regular expression will process.
CAPEC-492: Regular Expression Exponential Blowup
An adversary may execute an attack on a program that uses a poor Regular Expression(Regex) implementation by choosing input that results in an extreme situation for the Regex. A typical extreme situation operates at exponential time compared to the input size. This is due to most implementations using a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton(NFA) state machine to be built by the Regex algorithm since NFA allows backtracking and thus more complex regular expressions.