Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-117

Weakness Allowed

Improper Output Neutralization for Logs

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product constructs a log message from external input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements when the message is written to a log file.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-116 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-20 · View CWE-700
Modes of introduction
Implementation

REALIZATION: This weakness is caused during implementation of an architectural security tactic.

Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Content history
Submission: 7 Pernicious Kingdoms · 2006-07-19 · CWE Draft 3
Contribution: Affan Ahmed · 2025-02-28 · CWE 5.0

Provided a PHP-based demonstrative example

Modification: Eric Dalci · Cigital · 2008-07-01 · CWE 1.0

updated References, Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Relationships, Other_Notes, References, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-11-24 · CWE 1.1

updated Background_Details, Common_Consequences, Description, Other_Notes, References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-03-10 · CWE 1.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Name, Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-07-27 · CWE 1.5

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Common_Consequences, Other_Notes, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-06-21 · CWE 1.9

updated Description, Name

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-12-13 · CWE 1.11

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Description, Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-10-30 · CWE 2.3

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-05-03 · CWE 2.11

updated Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Causal_Nature, Modes_of_Introduction, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-01-03 · CWE 3.2

updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-01-31 · CWE 4.10

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-04-03 · CWE 4.17

updated Alternate_Terms, Description, Diagram

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

274 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-125125 (GCVE-0-2026-125125)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 16:55 – Updated: 2026-11-10 19:04
VLAI
Title
compose-lint: A symlink in a pull request can issue workflow commands through the compose-lint Action's SARIF-directory error message
Summary
compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. From version 0.30.0 until 0.32.0, the compose-lint GitHub Action prints the resolved directory from a failed sarif-file subdirectory creation without effective command suppression. Version 0.30.0 has no stop-commands window, while version 0.31.0 prints this error outside its stop-commands window. A pull request can place a committed symlink on that path to a directory whose name contains a newline followed by a workflow command, causing the SARIF-directory error to issue commands in the job log. Only the Action with sarif-file pointing into a subdirectory is affected; a workspace-root SARIF file, the compose-lint package, the pre-commit hook, and the Docker image do not expose this message. This issue is fixed in version 0.32.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-10 18:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
  • CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7861 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tmatens compose-lint Affected: >= 0.30.0, < 0.32.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-125124 (GCVE-0-2026-125124)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 16:53 – Updated: 2026-11-14 02:56
VLAI
Title
compose-lint: Text in a pull request can reach Azure Pipelines as logging commands through compose-lint 0.31.0's output
Summary
compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. In version 0.31.0, compose-lint does not neutralize the Azure Pipelines ##vso[ logging-command opener on any output path. A pull request can place that opener in a Compose value or file name, allowing output from the package, pre-commit hook, or Docker image to issue logging commands when printed to an Azure Pipelines job log. The maintainer did not reproduce the behavior on an Azure Pipelines agent. The GitHub Action is not affected because it runs only on GitHub Actions, and releases before 0.31.0 are outside this advisory because they did not claim Azure Pipelines coverage. This issue is fixed in version 0.32.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-14 02:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
  • CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7861 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tmatens compose-lint Affected: = 0.31.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-125123 (GCVE-0-2026-125123)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 16:52 – Updated: 2026-11-10 21:06
VLAI
Title
compose-lint: A file path in a pull request can issue CI workflow commands through compose-lint 0.31.0's command-line error messages
Summary
compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. In version 0.31.0, compose-lint's argument parser writes rejected repository paths to stderr without the output sanitizer when a path is passed without a preceding -- separator. A pull request can supply a path containing workflow-command syntax; a carriage return can position that command at the start of a new line recognized by the GitHub Actions runner, allowing the package, Docker image, or a pre-commit hook with misconfigured args to issue the command in the job log. The default pre-commit configuration includes -- and is not affected, the GitHub Action is not affected, and the lint pass or fail result is unchanged. This issue is fixed in version 0.32.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-10 21:06 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
  • CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7861 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tmatens compose-lint Affected: = 0.31.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-125122 (GCVE-0-2026-125122)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 16:50 – Updated: 2026-11-13 15:25
VLAI
Title
compose-lint: Text in a pull request can issue CI workflow commands through compose-lint 0.31.0's JSON and SARIF output on stdout
Summary
compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. In version 0.31.0, compose-lint does not sanitize the ##[ workflow-command opener inside strings written by --format json or --format sarif to stdout. A pull request can place that opener in a service name or other Compose value, and the GitHub Actions runner recognizes it even in the middle of a serialized line when the package, pre-commit hook, or Docker image prints JSON or SARIF to the job log. Writing the output to a file and using the compose-lint GitHub Action are not affected, and the flaw does not change the lint pass or fail result. This issue is fixed in version 0.32.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-13 15:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
  • CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7861 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tmatens compose-lint Affected: = 0.31.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-125121 (GCVE-0-2026-125121)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-10 16:43 – Updated: 2026-11-12 18:02
VLAI
Title
compose-lint: Text in a pull request can still issue CI workflow commands through compose-lint 0.31.0's output
Summary
compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. In version 0.31.0, compose-lint escapes GitHub Actions workflow-command openers only after ASCII spaces and tabs, while the runner strips all leading Unicode whitespace before interpreting a line. Untrusted Compose values or repository paths beginning with Unicode whitespace followed by :: can therefore reach the text report, fix guidance, the fix dry-run diff, and stderr diagnostics as workflow commands when the package, pre-commit hook, or Docker image runs directly in CI. The GitHub Action is not affected because it disables command processing, and the flaw does not change the lint pass or fail result. This issue is fixed in version 0.32.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-12 16:37 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
  • CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7861 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tmatens compose-lint Affected: >= 0.31.0, < 0.32.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-123369 (GCVE-0-2026-123369)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 17:32 – Updated: 2026-11-09 22:55
VLAI
Title
compose-lint: Compose file text can issue GitHub Actions workflow commands through the compose-lint Action
Summary
compose-lint is a Docker Compose security linter that identifies dangerous misconfigurations before deployment. Prior to 0.31.0, compose-lint prints attacker-controlled service names, environment keys, file lines, and other Compose text without neutralizing GitHub Actions and Azure Pipelines workflow-command openers. When a workflow processes a pull request, legacy ##[ commands or a line-leading double-colon command can create false annotations, hide log regions, mask selected strings, or invoke other commands recognized by the runner. The affected text report paths do not alter the compose-lint exit code or pass or fail result, but they can misrepresent the CI output presented to reviewers. This issue is fixed in version 0.31.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 22:52 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
  • CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7861 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
tmatens compose-lint Affected: < 0.31.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-119423 (GCVE-0-2026-119423)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 11:30 – Updated: 2026-11-04 15:05
VLAI
Title
OPNsense core before 26.7.8 Lockout IP Planting via WebGUI Login Username
Summary
OPNsense core before 26.7.8 contains a log injection vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to plant victim IP addresses in the lockout_handler by submitting crafted WebGUI login usernames. Attackers can submit usernames like 'Invalid user <victim-ip>' repeatedly to add the victim to the sshlockout table, blocking SSH and WebGUI access and killing its pf states.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 15:05 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8196 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
opnsense core Affected: 0 , < 26.7.8 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:opnsense:opnsense:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-14 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-118994 (GCVE-0-2026-118994)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 13:10 – Updated: 2026-11-06 16:51
VLAI
Title
CallBackery versions before 0.62.0 for Perl allow log injection via newlines in the login name
Summary
CallBackery versions before 0.62.0 for Perl allow log injection via newlines in the login name. login() writes the login name to the application log without escaping control characters. The login RPC method needs no authentication, so a name containing a newline followed by text in the log record format adds a forged record. An unauthenticated attacker can forge log records, such as a successful administrator login from an address of their choosing.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-06 16:51 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
Assigner
CPANSec CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard C 61/100 over 360 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 0.62.0 (custom)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-115788 (GCVE-0-2026-115788)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-13 22:01 – Updated: 2026-11-13 22:01
VLAI
Title
IBM App Connect Operator and IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Containers Operands Log Forging
Summary
IBM App Connect Operator and IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Containers Operands is vulnerable to Log Forging on a request to create a resource.
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
Assigner
ibm CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 88/100 over 1651 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7296008 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM App Connect Operator Affected: 12.1.0 , ≤ 12.21.0 (semver)
Affected: 12.0.0 , ≤ 12.0.28 (semver)
Affected: 13.0.0 , ≤ 13.6.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_operator:12.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_operator:12.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_operator:13.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Containers Operands Affected: 12.0.11.1-r1 , ≤ 12.0.12.5-r1 (custom)
Affected: 13.0.1.0-r1 , ≤ 13.0.6.2-r1 (custom)
Affected: 12.0.12-r1 , ≤ 12.0.12-r28 (custom)
Affected: 13.0.7.0-r1 , ≤ 13.0.9.0-r1 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise_certified_containers_operands:cd:12.0.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise_certified_containers_operands:cd:13.0.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise_certified_containers_operands:cd:12.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise_certified_containers_operands:cd:13.0.7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-111211 (GCVE-0-2026-111211)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 15:41 – Updated: 2026-11-03 17:50
VLAI
Title
Potential log injection via unescaped geometry form values
Summary
An issue was discovered in Django 6.1 before 6.1.3, 6.0 before 6.0.10, and 5.2 before 5.2.19. `django.contrib.gis.forms.widgets.BaseGeometryWidget.deserialize()`, used by `django.contrib.gis.forms.GeometryField`, does not escape invalid submitted values before logging them, which allows remote attackers to inject or forge log entries via a crafted geometry value. Earlier, unsupported Django series (such as 5.1.x, 5.0.x, and 4.2.x) were not evaluated and may also be affected. Django would like to thank Aaron chen for reporting this issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-03 17:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-117 - Improper Output Neutralization for Logs
Assigner
DSF CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 86/100 over 24 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
djangoproject Django Affected: 6.1 , < 6.1.3 (python)
Unaffected: 6.1.3 (python)
Affected: 6.0 , < 6.0.10 (python)
Unaffected: 6.0.10 (python)
Affected: 5.2 , < 5.2.19 (python)
Unaffected: 5.2.19 (python)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-11-03 09:30
Show details on NVD website

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          "type": "reporter",
          "value": "Aaron chen"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "analyst",
          "value": "David Smith"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "analyst",
          "value": "Jake Howard"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "analyst",
          "value": "Jacob Walls"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "analyst",
          "value": "Natalia Bidart"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "remediation developer",
          "value": "David Smith"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "remediation reviewer",
          "value": "Jacob Walls"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "remediation reviewer",
          "value": "Natalia Bidart"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "remediation reviewer",
          "value": "Shai Berger"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "coordinator",
          "value": "Jacob Walls"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-11-03T09:30:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cp\u003eAn issue was discovered in Django 6.1 before 6.1.3, 6.0 before 6.0.10, and 5.2 before 5.2.19.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003edjango.contrib.gis.forms.widgets.BaseGeometryWidget.deserialize()\u003c/code\u003e, used by \u003ccode\u003edjango.contrib.gis.forms.GeometryField\u003c/code\u003e, does not escape invalid submitted values before logging them, which allows remote attackers to inject or forge log entries via a crafted geometry value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarlier, unsupported Django series (such as 5.1.x, 5.0.x, and 4.2.x) were not evaluated and may also be affected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDjango would like to thank Aaron chen for reporting this issue.\u003c/p\u003e"
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          ],
          "value": "An issue was discovered in Django 6.1 before 6.1.3, 6.0 before 6.0.10, and 5.2 before 5.2.19.\n`django.contrib.gis.forms.widgets.BaseGeometryWidget.deserialize()`, used by `django.contrib.gis.forms.GeometryField`, does not escape invalid submitted values before logging them, which allows remote attackers to inject or forge log entries via a crafted geometry value.\nEarlier, unsupported Django series (such as 5.1.x, 5.0.x, and 4.2.x) were not evaluated and may also be affected.\nDjango would like to thank Aaron chen for reporting this issue."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
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          "capecId": "CAPEC-93",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-93: Log Injection-Tampering-Forging"
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          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "other": {
            "content": {
              "namespace": "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/security/#security-issue-severity-levels",
              "value": "low"
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            "type": "Django severity rating"
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        {
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      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-117",
              "description": "CWE-117: Improper Output Neutralization for Logs",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-11-03T15:41:58.889Z",
        "orgId": "6a34fbeb-21d4-45e7-8e0a-62b95bc12c92",
        "shortName": "DSF"
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          "name": "Django security archive",
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/releases/security/"
        },
        {
          "name": "Django releases announcements",
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/django-announce"
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          "url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/b336d9a4e8a919d2e5f979b663de2b27e245b793"
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          "url": "https://github.com/django/django/commit/b83bf870ee0006ab0dd84a01d1f3b0391320a51a"
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          "tags": [
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      "source": {
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
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      "timeline": [
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          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-10-01T12:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Initial report received."
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-10-15T12:00:00.000Z",
          "value": "Vulnerability confirmed."
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "time": "2026-11-03T09:30:00.000Z",
          "value": "Security release issued."
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      "title": "Potential log injection via unescaped geometry form values",
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    "datePublished": "2026-11-03T15:41:58.889Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-10-15T18:11:48.987Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-11-03T17:50:48.947Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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}

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-30
Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.

Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.

CAPEC-268: Audit Log Manipulation

The attacker injects, manipulates, deletes, or forges malicious log entries into the log file, in an attempt to mislead an audit of the log file or cover tracks of an attack. Due to either insufficient access controls of the log files or the logging mechanism, the attacker is able to perform such actions.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-93: Log Injection-Tampering-Forging

This attack targets the log files of the target host. The attacker injects, manipulates or forges malicious log entries in the log file, allowing them to mislead a log audit, cover traces of attack, or perform other malicious actions. The target host is not properly controlling log access. As a result tainted data is resulting in the log files leading to a failure in accountability, non-repudiation and incident forensics capability.