Vulnerability-Lookup

ubuntu-cve-2026-33195

Vulnerability from osv_ubuntu

Published

2026-03-24 00:16

Modified

2026-06-30 16:20

Summary

Details

Active Storage allows users to attach cloud and local files in Rails applications. Prior to versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1, Active Storage's DiskService#path_for does not validate that the resolved filesystem path remains within the storage root directory. If a blob key containing path traversal sequences (e.g. ../) is used, it could allow reading, writing, or deleting arbitrary files on the server. Blob keys are expected to be trusted strings, but some applications could be passing user input as keys and would be affected. Versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1 contain a patch.

Severity

8.0 (High)


                    
                      CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U

8.1 (High)


                    
                      CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

9.8 (Critical)


                    
                      CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

N/A (UNKNOWN)


                    
                      medium

References

URL

Type

	https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-33195	REPORT
	https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-33195	REPORT
	https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4933c1e3b8c…	REPORT
	https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9b06fbc0f50…	REPORT
	https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a290c8a1ec1…	REPORT
	https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v7.2.3.1	REPORT
	https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.4.1	REPORT
	https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.2.1	REPORT
	https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisorie…	REPORT

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "rails",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailer",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionpack",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionview",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activejob",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activemodel",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activerecord",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activesupport",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-rails",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-railties",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS",
        "name": "rails",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/rails@2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/xenial"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2:4.1.10-1",
        "2:4.2.5-1",
        "2:4.2.5.1-1",
        "2:4.2.5.2-2",
        "2:4.2.6-1",
        "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm1",
        "2:4.2.6-1ubuntu0.1~esm2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "rails",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailer",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionpack",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionview",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activejob",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activemodel",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activerecord",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activesupport",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-rails",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-railties",
            "binary_version": "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:18.04:LTS",
        "name": "rails",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/rails@2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/bionic"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2:4.2.9-2",
        "2:4.2.9-4",
        "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4",
        "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm1",
        "2:4.2.10-0ubuntu4+esm2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "rails",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actioncable",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailer",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionpack",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionview",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activejob",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activemodel",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activerecord",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activestorage",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activesupport",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-rails",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-railties",
            "binary_version": "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS",
        "name": "rails",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/rails@2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/focal"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2:5.2.2.1+dfsg-1ubuntu1",
        "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3",
        "2:5.2.3+dfsg-3ubuntu0.1~esm1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "rails",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actioncable",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailbox",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailer",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionpack",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actiontext",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionview",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activejob",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activemodel",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activerecord",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activestorage",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activesupport",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-rails",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-railties",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:22.04:LTS",
        "name": "rails",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/rails@2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/jammy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2:6.0.3.7+dfsg-2",
        "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2",
        "2:6.1.4.1+dfsg-8ubuntu2+esm1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "rails",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actioncable",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailbox",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailer",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionpack",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actiontext",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionview",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activejob",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activemodel",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activerecord",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activestorage",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activesupport",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-rails",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-railties",
            "binary_version": "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:24.04:LTS",
        "name": "rails",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/rails@2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3?arch=source\u0026distro=noble"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-2build1",
        "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "rails",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actioncable",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailbox",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailer",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionpack",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actiontext",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionview",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activejob",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activemodel",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activerecord",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activestorage",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activesupport",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-rails",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-railties",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:25.10",
        "name": "rails",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/rails@2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7?arch=source\u0026distro=questing"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2:6.1.7.3+dfsg-7",
        "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "rails",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actioncable",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailbox",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionmailer",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionpack",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actiontext",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-actionview",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activejob",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activemodel",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activerecord",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activestorage",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-activesupport",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-rails",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "ruby-railties",
            "binary_version": "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:26.04:LTS",
        "name": "rails",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/rails@2:7.2.3+dfsg-2?arch=source\u0026distro=resolute"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2:7.2.2.1+dfsg-7",
        "2:7.2.2.2+dfsg-2",
        "2:7.2.3+dfsg-2"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "details": "Active Storage allows users to attach cloud and local files in Rails applications. Prior to versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1, Active Storage\u0027s `DiskService#path_for` does not validate that the resolved filesystem path remains within the storage root directory. If a blob key containing path traversal sequences (e.g. `../`) is used, it could allow reading, writing, or deleting arbitrary files on the server. Blob keys are expected to be trusted strings, but some applications could be passing user input as keys and would be affected. Versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1 contain a patch.",
  "id": "UBUNTU-CVE-2026-33195",
  "modified": "2026-06-30T16:20:54Z",
  "published": "2026-03-24T00:16:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-33195"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-33195"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4933c1e3b8c1bb04925d60347be9f69270392f2c"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9b06fbc0f504b8afe333f33d19548f3b85fbe655"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a290c8a1ec189d793aa6d7f2570b6a763f675348"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v7.2.3.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.4.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.2.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-9xrj-h377-fr87"
    }
  ],
  "related": [],
  "schema_version": "1.7.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "medium",
      "type": "Ubuntu"
    }
  ],
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2026-33195"
  ]
}

CVE-2026-33195 (GCVE-0-2026-33195)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-23 23:31 – Updated: 2026-08-19 12:05

Title

Rails Active Storage has possible Path Traversal in DiskService

Summary

Active Storage allows users to attach cloud and local files in Rails applications. Prior to versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1, Active Storage's `DiskService#path_for` does not validate that the resolved filesystem path remains within the storage root directory. If a blob key containing path traversal sequences (e.g. `../`) is used, it could allow reading, writing, or deleting arbitrary files on the server. Blob keys are expected to be trusted strings, but some applications could be passing user input as keys and would be affected. Versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1 contain a patch.

Severity

8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-03-24 00:00 UTC

CWE

CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

10 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisorie…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4933c1e3b8c…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9b06fbc0f50…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a290c8a1ec1…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v7.2.3.1	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.4.1	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.2.1	x_refsource_MISC
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-33195	vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2450546	issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v…	x_sadp-csaf-vex

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
rails	activestorage	Affected: >= 8.1.0.beta1, < 8.1.2.1 Affected: >= 8.0.0.beta1, < 8.0.4.1 Affected: < 7.2.3.1
Red Hat	Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2	cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_3scale_amp:2

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Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.