Vulnerability-Lookup

GHSA-VC85-HXQ3-M586

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-21 09:31 – Updated: 2024-09-12 15:32

Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

drm/amdgpu: Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu

Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu.

The error message is as follows: [ 377.706202] kernel BUG at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_buddy.c:278! [ 377.706215] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI [ 377.706222] CPU: 4 PID: 8610 Comm: modprobe Tainted: G IOE 6.0.0-thomas #1 [ 377.706231] Hardware name: ASUS System Product Name/PRIME Z390-A, BIOS 2004 11/02/2021 [ 377.706238] RIP: 0010:drm_buddy_free_block+0x26/0x30 [drm_buddy] [ 377.706264] Code: 00 00 00 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 8b 0e 89 c8 25 00 0c 00 00 3d 00 04 00 00 75 10 48 8b 47 18 48 d3 e0 48 01 47 28 e9 fa fe ff ff <0f> 0b 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 41 54 55 48 89 f5 53 [ 377.706282] RSP: 0018:ffffad2dc4683cb8 EFLAGS: 00010287 [ 377.706289] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff8b1743bd5138 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ 377.706297] RDX: ffff8b1743bd5160 RSI: ffff8b1743bd5c78 RDI: ffff8b16d1b25f70 [ 377.706304] RBP: ffff8b1743bd59e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000001 [ 377.706311] R10: ffff8b16c8572400 R11: ffffad2dc4683cf0 R12: ffff8b16d1b25f70 [ 377.706318] R13: ffff8b16d1b25fd0 R14: ffff8b1743bd59c0 R15: ffff8b16d1b25f70 [ 377.706325] FS: 00007fec56c72c40(0000) GS:ffff8b1836500000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 377.706334] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 377.706340] CR2: 00007f9b88c1ba50 CR3: 0000000110450004 CR4: 00000000003706e0 [ 377.706347] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 [ 377.706354] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 [ 377.706361] Call Trace: [ 377.706365] [ 377.706369] drm_buddy_free_list+0x2a/0x60 [drm_buddy] [ 377.706376] amdgpu_vram_mgr_fini+0xea/0x180 [amdgpu] [ 377.706572] amdgpu_ttm_fini+0x12e/0x1a0 [amdgpu] [ 377.706650] amdgpu_bo_fini+0x22/0x90 [amdgpu] [ 377.706727] gmc_v11_0_sw_fini+0x26/0x30 [amdgpu] [ 377.706821] amdgpu_device_fini_sw+0xa1/0x3c0 [amdgpu] [ 377.706897] amdgpu_driver_release_kms+0x12/0x30 [amdgpu] [ 377.706975] drm_dev_release+0x20/0x40 [drm] [ 377.707006] release_nodes+0x35/0xb0 [ 377.707014] devres_release_all+0x8b/0xc0 [ 377.707020] device_unbind_cleanup+0xe/0x70 [ 377.707027] device_release_driver_internal+0xee/0x160 [ 377.707033] driver_detach+0x44/0x90 [ 377.707039] bus_remove_driver+0x55/0xe0 [ 377.707045] pci_unregister_driver+0x3b/0x90 [ 377.707052] amdgpu_exit+0x11/0x6c [amdgpu] [ 377.707194] __x64_sys_delete_module+0x142/0x2b0 [ 377.707201] ? fpregs_assert_state_consistent+0x22/0x50 [ 377.707208] ? exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x3e/0x190 [ 377.707215] do_syscall_64+0x38/0x90 [ 377.707221] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd

Severity

5.5 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-52912"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-21T07:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/amdgpu: Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu\n\nFixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu.\n\nThe error message is as follows:\n[  377.706202] kernel BUG at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_buddy.c:278!\n[  377.706215] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI\n[  377.706222] CPU: 4 PID: 8610 Comm: modprobe Tainted: G          IOE      6.0.0-thomas #1\n[  377.706231] Hardware name: ASUS System Product Name/PRIME Z390-A, BIOS 2004 11/02/2021\n[  377.706238] RIP: 0010:drm_buddy_free_block+0x26/0x30 [drm_buddy]\n[  377.706264] Code: 00 00 00 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 8b 0e 89 c8 25 00 0c 00 00 3d 00 04 00 00 75 10 48 8b 47 18 48 d3 e0 48 01 47 28 e9 fa fe ff ff \u003c0f\u003e 0b 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 41 54 55 48 89 f5 53\n[  377.706282] RSP: 0018:ffffad2dc4683cb8 EFLAGS: 00010287\n[  377.706289] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff8b1743bd5138 RCX: 0000000000000000\n[  377.706297] RDX: ffff8b1743bd5160 RSI: ffff8b1743bd5c78 RDI: ffff8b16d1b25f70\n[  377.706304] RBP: ffff8b1743bd59e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000001\n[  377.706311] R10: ffff8b16c8572400 R11: ffffad2dc4683cf0 R12: ffff8b16d1b25f70\n[  377.706318] R13: ffff8b16d1b25fd0 R14: ffff8b1743bd59c0 R15: ffff8b16d1b25f70\n[  377.706325] FS:  00007fec56c72c40(0000) GS:ffff8b1836500000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\n[  377.706334] CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\n[  377.706340] CR2: 00007f9b88c1ba50 CR3: 0000000110450004 CR4: 00000000003706e0\n[  377.706347] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\n[  377.706354] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\n[  377.706361] Call Trace:\n[  377.706365]  \u003cTASK\u003e\n[  377.706369]  drm_buddy_free_list+0x2a/0x60 [drm_buddy]\n[  377.706376]  amdgpu_vram_mgr_fini+0xea/0x180 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706572]  amdgpu_ttm_fini+0x12e/0x1a0 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706650]  amdgpu_bo_fini+0x22/0x90 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706727]  gmc_v11_0_sw_fini+0x26/0x30 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706821]  amdgpu_device_fini_sw+0xa1/0x3c0 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706897]  amdgpu_driver_release_kms+0x12/0x30 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706975]  drm_dev_release+0x20/0x40 [drm]\n[  377.707006]  release_nodes+0x35/0xb0\n[  377.707014]  devres_release_all+0x8b/0xc0\n[  377.707020]  device_unbind_cleanup+0xe/0x70\n[  377.707027]  device_release_driver_internal+0xee/0x160\n[  377.707033]  driver_detach+0x44/0x90\n[  377.707039]  bus_remove_driver+0x55/0xe0\n[  377.707045]  pci_unregister_driver+0x3b/0x90\n[  377.707052]  amdgpu_exit+0x11/0x6c [amdgpu]\n[  377.707194]  __x64_sys_delete_module+0x142/0x2b0\n[  377.707201]  ? fpregs_assert_state_consistent+0x22/0x50\n[  377.707208]  ? exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x3e/0x190\n[  377.707215]  do_syscall_64+0x38/0x90\n[  377.707221]  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd",
  "id": "GHSA-vc85-hxq3-m586",
  "modified": "2024-09-12T15:32:59Z",
  "published": "2024-08-21T09:31:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-52912"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9196eb7c52e55749a332974f0081f77d53d60199"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/99f1a36c90a7524972be5a028424c57fa17753ee"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

CVE-2023-52912 (GCVE-0-2023-52912)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-08-21 06:10 – Updated: 2026-05-11 19:35

Title

drm/amdgpu: Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amdgpu: Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu. The error message is as follows: [ 377.706202] kernel BUG at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_buddy.c:278! [ 377.706215] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI [ 377.706222] CPU: 4 PID: 8610 Comm: modprobe Tainted: G IOE 6.0.0-thomas #1 [ 377.706231] Hardware name: ASUS System Product Name/PRIME Z390-A, BIOS 2004 11/02/2021 [ 377.706238] RIP: 0010:drm_buddy_free_block+0x26/0x30 [drm_buddy] [ 377.706264] Code: 00 00 00 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 8b 0e 89 c8 25 00 0c 00 00 3d 00 04 00 00 75 10 48 8b 47 18 48 d3 e0 48 01 47 28 e9 fa fe ff ff <0f> 0b 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 41 54 55 48 89 f5 53 [ 377.706282] RSP: 0018:ffffad2dc4683cb8 EFLAGS: 00010287 [ 377.706289] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff8b1743bd5138 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ 377.706297] RDX: ffff8b1743bd5160 RSI: ffff8b1743bd5c78 RDI: ffff8b16d1b25f70 [ 377.706304] RBP: ffff8b1743bd59e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000001 [ 377.706311] R10: ffff8b16c8572400 R11: ffffad2dc4683cf0 R12: ffff8b16d1b25f70 [ 377.706318] R13: ffff8b16d1b25fd0 R14: ffff8b1743bd59c0 R15: ffff8b16d1b25f70 [ 377.706325] FS: 00007fec56c72c40(0000) GS:ffff8b1836500000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 377.706334] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 377.706340] CR2: 00007f9b88c1ba50 CR3: 0000000110450004 CR4: 00000000003706e0 [ 377.706347] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 [ 377.706354] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 [ 377.706361] Call Trace: [ 377.706365] <TASK> [ 377.706369] drm_buddy_free_list+0x2a/0x60 [drm_buddy] [ 377.706376] amdgpu_vram_mgr_fini+0xea/0x180 [amdgpu] [ 377.706572] amdgpu_ttm_fini+0x12e/0x1a0 [amdgpu] [ 377.706650] amdgpu_bo_fini+0x22/0x90 [amdgpu] [ 377.706727] gmc_v11_0_sw_fini+0x26/0x30 [amdgpu] [ 377.706821] amdgpu_device_fini_sw+0xa1/0x3c0 [amdgpu] [ 377.706897] amdgpu_driver_release_kms+0x12/0x30 [amdgpu] [ 377.706975] drm_dev_release+0x20/0x40 [drm] [ 377.707006] release_nodes+0x35/0xb0 [ 377.707014] devres_release_all+0x8b/0xc0 [ 377.707020] device_unbind_cleanup+0xe/0x70 [ 377.707027] device_release_driver_internal+0xee/0x160 [ 377.707033] driver_detach+0x44/0x90 [ 377.707039] bus_remove_driver+0x55/0xe0 [ 377.707045] pci_unregister_driver+0x3b/0x90 [ 377.707052] amdgpu_exit+0x11/0x6c [amdgpu] [ 377.707194] __x64_sys_delete_module+0x142/0x2b0 [ 377.707201] ? fpregs_assert_state_consistent+0x22/0x50 [ 377.707208] ? exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x3e/0x190 [ 377.707215] do_syscall_64+0x38/0x90 [ 377.707221] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd

Severity

No CVSS data available.

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2024-09-10 15:34 UTC

Assigner

Linux mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9196eb7c52e55749a…
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/99f1a36c90a752497…

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version
Linux	Linux	Affected: c9cad937c0c58618fe5b0310fd539a854dc1ae95 , < 9196eb7c52e55749a332974f0081f77d53d60199 (git) Affected: c9cad937c0c58618fe5b0310fd539a854dc1ae95 , < 99f1a36c90a7524972be5a028424c57fa17753ee (git)
Linux	Linux	Affected: 5.19 Unaffected: 0 , < 5.19 (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.7 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.2 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)

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{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2023-52912",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2024-09-10T15:34:45.870527Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T17:33:03.232Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vram_mgr.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "9196eb7c52e55749a332974f0081f77d53d60199",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c9cad937c0c58618fe5b0310fd539a854dc1ae95",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "99f1a36c90a7524972be5a028424c57fa17753ee",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c9cad937c0c58618fe5b0310fd539a854dc1ae95",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vram_mgr.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "5.19"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "5.19",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.7",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.2",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.7",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.19",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.2",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "5.19",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/amdgpu: Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu\n\nFixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu.\n\nThe error message is as follows:\n[  377.706202] kernel BUG at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_buddy.c:278!\n[  377.706215] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI\n[  377.706222] CPU: 4 PID: 8610 Comm: modprobe Tainted: G          IOE      6.0.0-thomas #1\n[  377.706231] Hardware name: ASUS System Product Name/PRIME Z390-A, BIOS 2004 11/02/2021\n[  377.706238] RIP: 0010:drm_buddy_free_block+0x26/0x30 [drm_buddy]\n[  377.706264] Code: 00 00 00 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 8b 0e 89 c8 25 00 0c 00 00 3d 00 04 00 00 75 10 48 8b 47 18 48 d3 e0 48 01 47 28 e9 fa fe ff ff \u003c0f\u003e 0b 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 41 54 55 48 89 f5 53\n[  377.706282] RSP: 0018:ffffad2dc4683cb8 EFLAGS: 00010287\n[  377.706289] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff8b1743bd5138 RCX: 0000000000000000\n[  377.706297] RDX: ffff8b1743bd5160 RSI: ffff8b1743bd5c78 RDI: ffff8b16d1b25f70\n[  377.706304] RBP: ffff8b1743bd59e0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000001\n[  377.706311] R10: ffff8b16c8572400 R11: ffffad2dc4683cf0 R12: ffff8b16d1b25f70\n[  377.706318] R13: ffff8b16d1b25fd0 R14: ffff8b1743bd59c0 R15: ffff8b16d1b25f70\n[  377.706325] FS:  00007fec56c72c40(0000) GS:ffff8b1836500000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000\n[  377.706334] CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033\n[  377.706340] CR2: 00007f9b88c1ba50 CR3: 0000000110450004 CR4: 00000000003706e0\n[  377.706347] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000\n[  377.706354] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400\n[  377.706361] Call Trace:\n[  377.706365]  \u003cTASK\u003e\n[  377.706369]  drm_buddy_free_list+0x2a/0x60 [drm_buddy]\n[  377.706376]  amdgpu_vram_mgr_fini+0xea/0x180 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706572]  amdgpu_ttm_fini+0x12e/0x1a0 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706650]  amdgpu_bo_fini+0x22/0x90 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706727]  gmc_v11_0_sw_fini+0x26/0x30 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706821]  amdgpu_device_fini_sw+0xa1/0x3c0 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706897]  amdgpu_driver_release_kms+0x12/0x30 [amdgpu]\n[  377.706975]  drm_dev_release+0x20/0x40 [drm]\n[  377.707006]  release_nodes+0x35/0xb0\n[  377.707014]  devres_release_all+0x8b/0xc0\n[  377.707020]  device_unbind_cleanup+0xe/0x70\n[  377.707027]  device_release_driver_internal+0xee/0x160\n[  377.707033]  driver_detach+0x44/0x90\n[  377.707039]  bus_remove_driver+0x55/0xe0\n[  377.707045]  pci_unregister_driver+0x3b/0x90\n[  377.707052]  amdgpu_exit+0x11/0x6c [amdgpu]\n[  377.707194]  __x64_sys_delete_module+0x142/0x2b0\n[  377.707201]  ? fpregs_assert_state_consistent+0x22/0x50\n[  377.707208]  ? exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x3e/0x190\n[  377.707215]  do_syscall_64+0x38/0x90\n[  377.707221]  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd"
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T19:35:30.170Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9196eb7c52e55749a332974f0081f77d53d60199"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/99f1a36c90a7524972be5a028424c57fa17753ee"
        }
      ],
      "title": "drm/amdgpu: Fixed bug on error when unloading amdgpu",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2023-52912",
    "datePublished": "2024-08-21T06:10:53.481Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-08-21T06:07:11.016Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T19:35:30.170Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

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