CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14630 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-X8V4-7GRP-4RW2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-07 18:30 – Updated: 2022-12-10 03:30IBM Content Navigator 3.0.0, 3.0.1, 3.0.2, 3.0.3, 3.0.4, 3.0.5, 3.0.6, 3.0.7, 3.0.8, 3.0.9, 3.0.10, 3.0.11, and 3.0.12 is vulnerable to missing authorization and could allow an authenticated user to load external plugins and execute code. IBM X-Force ID: 238805.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43581"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-07T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Content Navigator 3.0.0, 3.0.1, 3.0.2, 3.0.3, 3.0.4, 3.0.5, 3.0.6, 3.0.7, 3.0.8, 3.0.9, 3.0.10, 3.0.11, and 3.0.12 is vulnerable to missing authorization and could allow an authenticated user to load external plugins and execute code. IBM X-Force ID: 238805.",
"id": "GHSA-x8v4-7grp-4rw2",
"modified": "2022-12-10T03:30:43Z",
"published": "2022-12-07T18:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43581"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/238805"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6844453"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X8VJ-HJMM-529G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-27 18:30 – Updated: 2025-05-12 21:31A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in wowjoy 浙江湖州华卓信息科技有限公司 Internet Doctor Workstation System 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /v1/prescription/list. The manipulation leads to improper authorization. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3980"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-266",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-27T18:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in wowjoy \u6d59\u6c5f\u6e56\u5dde\u534e\u5353\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u6280\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8 Internet Doctor Workstation System 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /v1/prescription/list. The manipulation leads to improper authorization. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-x8vj-hjmm-529g",
"modified": "2025-05-12T21:31:00Z",
"published": "2025-04-27T18:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3980"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/38279/3/issues/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.306316"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.306316"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.557930"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-X8VP-JRRR-MXV3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-26 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:34Missing Authorization vulnerability in Live Composer Team Page Builder: Live Composer.This issue affects Page Builder: Live Composer: from n/a through 1.5.38.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-32957"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-26T11:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Live Composer Team Page Builder: Live Composer.This issue affects Page Builder: Live Composer: from n/a through 1.5.38.",
"id": "GHSA-x8vp-jrrr-mxv3",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:34:57Z",
"published": "2024-04-26T12:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32957"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/live-composer-page-builder/wordpress-page-builder-live-composer-plugin-1-5-38-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X927-42V3-5V36
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-23 06:32 – Updated: 2024-11-23 06:32The WP Travel Engine – Tour Booking Plugin – Tour Operator Software plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the wpte_onboard_save_function_callback() function in all versions up to, and including, 6.2.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor-level access and above, to modify several settings that could have an impact such as lost revenue and page updates.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10606"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-23T05:15:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WP Travel Engine \u2013 Tour Booking Plugin \u2013 Tour Operator Software plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the wpte_onboard_save_function_callback() function in all versions up to, and including, 6.2.1. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor-level access and above, to modify several settings that could have an impact such as lost revenue and page updates.",
"id": "GHSA-x927-42v3-5v36",
"modified": "2024-11-23T06:32:47Z",
"published": "2024-11-23T06:32:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10606"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3193913/wp-travel-engine/tags/6.2.2/includes/class-wp-travel-engine-onboard.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/c91d1ec0-0430-4ddd-b6b1-25af0b5cea9d?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X932-X5CV-RRWH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in WPC Product Bundles for WooCommerce <= 8.5.3 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-48883"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:17:17Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in WPC Product Bundles for WooCommerce \u003c= 8.5.3 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-x932-x5cv-rrwh",
"modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:48Z",
"published": "2026-06-15T21:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48883"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/woo-product-bundle/vulnerability/wordpress-wpc-product-bundles-for-woocommerce-plugin-8-5-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X93Q-X9PC-W5HW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-22 20:30 – Updated: 2026-06-22 20:30Summary
The ticket creation endpoint accepts a user-supplied service identifier without enforcing ownership validation, allowing authenticated users to create support tickets referencing services belonging to other accounts by modifying the service ID in the request.
Technical Details
The ticket creation endpoint accepted a user-supplied service identifier without verifying ownership or authorization against the authenticated account. An attacker could modify the service ID value in the client-side request and successfully create a ticket associated with another user's service.
The vulnerability required authentication and did not provide direct access to service contents or customer data. However, referenced service information could become visible to support personnel handling the ticket.
Impact
Successful exploitation could allow an authenticated user to: - Create support tickets referencing services belonging to other users - Potentially cause support staff to interact with or review unrelated customer services
The vulnerability did not allow: - Direct access to another user's service - Modification of another user's service - Retrieval of confidential service data through the vulnerable endpoint itself
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "paymenter/paymenter"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44585"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-22T20:30:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe ticket creation endpoint accepts a user-supplied service identifier without enforcing ownership validation, allowing authenticated users to create support tickets referencing services belonging to other accounts by modifying the service ID in the request.\n\n### Technical Details\n\nThe ticket creation endpoint accepted a user-supplied service identifier without verifying ownership or authorization against the authenticated account. An attacker could modify the service ID value in the client-side request and successfully create a ticket associated with another user\u0027s service.\n\nThe vulnerability required authentication and did not provide direct access to service contents or customer data. However, referenced service information could become visible to support personnel handling the ticket.\n\n### Impact\n\nSuccessful exploitation could allow an authenticated user to:\n- Create support tickets referencing services belonging to other users\n- Potentially cause support staff to interact with or review unrelated customer services\n\nThe vulnerability did not allow:\n- Direct access to another user\u0027s service\n- Modification of another user\u0027s service\n- Retrieval of confidential service data through the vulnerable endpoint itself",
"id": "GHSA-x93q-x9pc-w5hw",
"modified": "2026-06-22T20:30:16Z",
"published": "2026-06-22T20:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Paymenter/Paymenter/security/advisories/GHSA-x93q-x9pc-w5hw"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Paymenter/Paymenter"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Paymenter has broken object level authorization via service reference manipulation on ticket creation"
}
GHSA-X957-32V9-M7VG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-30 00:31 – Updated: 2025-10-30 17:06Missing Authorization vulnerability in Drupal Acquia DAM allows Forceful Browsing. This issue affects Acquia DAM: from 0.0.0 before 1.1.5.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/acquia_dam"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-9954"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-30T17:06:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-30T00:15:35Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Drupal Acquia DAM allows Forceful Browsing. This issue affects Acquia DAM: from 0.0.0 before 1.1.5.",
"id": "GHSA-x957-32v9-m7vg",
"modified": "2025-10-30T17:06:28Z",
"published": "2025-10-30T00:31:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9954"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/sa-contrib-2025-105"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Drupal Acquia DAM allows Forceful Browsing"
}
GHSA-X95C-QRQR-2V27
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-16 00:00 – Updated: 2022-11-30 20:17Extended Choice Parameter Plugin 346.vd87693c5a_86c and earlier does not perform a permission check on form validation methods. This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified URL.
Additionally, these form validation methods do not require POST requests, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:extended-choice-parameter"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "346.vd87693c5a"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-27205"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-30T20:17:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-15T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Extended Choice Parameter Plugin 346.vd87693c5a_86c and earlier does not perform a permission check on form validation methods. This allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to connect to an attacker-specified URL.\n\nAdditionally, these form validation methods do not require POST requests, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-x95c-qrqr-2v27",
"modified": "2022-11-30T20:17:58Z",
"published": "2022-03-16T00:00:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27205"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/extended-choice-parameter-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2022-03-15/#SECURITY-1350"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/03/15/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "CSRF vulnerability and missing permission checks in Extended Choice Parameter Plugin allow SSRF"
}
GHSA-X96P-55V7-JMRQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-07 03:31 – Updated: 2026-05-07 03:31The Appointment Booking Calendar plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in versions up to and including 1.6.10.6. This is due to a flawed authorization logic in the nonce_permissions_check() method combined with the public exposure of a site-wide reusable nonce. The plugin exposes a public_nonce value through the /wp-json/ssa/v1/embed-inner endpoint, which is accessible to unauthenticated users. The appointment deletion endpoint at /wp-json/ssa/v1/appointments/{id}/delete and /wp-json/ssa/v1/appointments/bulk use a permission check that accepts requests containing both an X-WP-Nonce header (with any arbitrary value) and an X-PUBLIC-Nonce header (with the valid public nonce). When the X-WP-Nonce validation fails, the function falls back to validating the X-PUBLIC-Nonce without properly rejecting the request. Since the public_nonce is exposed to all unauthenticated visitors and is site-wide (not user-specific or appointment-specific), attackers can obtain it and use it to view details of arbitrary appointments, including the public_edit_url, or delete arbitrary appointments by ID. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view, delete or modify any appointment in the system, disclosing sensitive appointment data, causing service disruption, and loss of booking records.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4807"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-07T03:16:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Appointment Booking Calendar plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in versions up to and including 1.6.10.6. This is due to a flawed authorization logic in the nonce_permissions_check() method combined with the public exposure of a site-wide reusable nonce. The plugin exposes a public_nonce value through the /wp-json/ssa/v1/embed-inner endpoint, which is accessible to unauthenticated users. The appointment deletion endpoint at /wp-json/ssa/v1/appointments/{id}/delete and /wp-json/ssa/v1/appointments/bulk use a permission check that accepts requests containing both an X-WP-Nonce header (with any arbitrary value) and an X-PUBLIC-Nonce header (with the valid public nonce). When the X-WP-Nonce validation fails, the function falls back to validating the X-PUBLIC-Nonce without properly rejecting the request. Since the public_nonce is exposed to all unauthenticated visitors and is site-wide (not user-specific or appointment-specific), attackers can obtain it and use it to view details of arbitrary appointments, including the public_edit_url, or delete arbitrary appointments by ID. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to view, delete or modify any appointment in the system, disclosing sensitive appointment data, causing service disruption, and loss of booking records.",
"id": "GHSA-x96p-55v7-jmrq",
"modified": "2026-05-07T03:31:21Z",
"published": "2026-05-07T03:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4807"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.9.29/booking-app-new/iframe-inner.php#L444"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.9.29/includes/class-appointment-model.php#L698"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.9.29/includes/class-bootstrap.php#L151"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.9.29/includes/class-shortcodes.php#L889"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.9.29/includes/lib/td-util/class-td-api-model.php#L110"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/simply-schedule-appointments/tags/1.6.9.29/includes/lib/td-util/class-td-api-model.php#L361"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3511993/simply-schedule-appointments/trunk/includes"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/436ab843-7729-4d57-9c9e-2ede2f101ddb?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-X98R-X2VH-J7FM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-18 21:30 – Updated: 2023-12-20 21:30The SmartCrawl WordPress plugin before 3.8.3 does not prevent unauthorised users from accessing password-protected posts' content.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5949"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-18T20:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The SmartCrawl WordPress plugin before 3.8.3 does not prevent unauthorised users from accessing password-protected posts\u0027 content.",
"id": "GHSA-x98r-x2vh-j7fm",
"modified": "2023-12-20T21:30:33Z",
"published": "2023-12-18T21:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5949"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/3cec27ca-f470-402d-ae3e-271cb59cf407"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.